190 TEOCEEDINGS OF THE MALACOLOGTCAL SOCIETY. 



state will always justify the expectation of its having a wide but 

 local distribution, and rice versd. 



5. Where barriers of depth and tem])orature do not check it thei'e 

 seems, in ordinary circumstances, no limit to universality of distri- 

 bution. 



6. There actually are existing species whose distribution is 

 universal, no barriers having availed to stop their passage. 



7. There still is no trace, even in these oldest and most widely 

 distributed species, of essential, lasting, and progressive change. I do 

 not wish (says Mr. Watson) to overpress this point, presenting as it 

 does merely negative evidence. I do not assert that there arc no 

 species of Mollusca which have thus changed. I only say there are 

 some, even many, of the oldest and most widely distributed species 

 which have not done so, and that, so far as I have had opportunities 

 of observation, no proof has reached me of progressive, permanent, 

 and essential change in Molluscan development. 



Without giving details, we may just allude to two Italian expe- 

 ditions, -sdz. : — 



1. The " Viaggio intorno al globo della E,egia Pirocorvetta 

 Italiana 'Magenta,' negli anni 1865-1868." The descriptive 

 and scientific account of this expedition, by Prof. Enrico Hillyer 

 Giglioli, appeared in 1875 (4to. Milan). The Mollusca obtained 

 on the voyage were dealt with by Dr. C. Tapparone-Canefri, in a 

 paper published in the Memoria della Reale Accademia delle Scienze 

 di Torino, ser. II. tome xxviii. 1876 (and also separately). There are 

 about 160 pp. and four rjuarto coloured plates. It describes Land, 

 Fresh-water, and Marine Mollusca, and includes Brachiopoda. 



2. The "Viaggio di Circuranavigazione della II. Corvetta 

 'Caracciolo' negli anni 1881-84." Commandante C. de Amezaga. 

 (8vo. Roma, 1885-86.) 



The Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition (1876-78) did excellent 

 work with the dredge in many departments of zoology. 



The "Mollusca," by H. Friele, appeared (1882-86) with 80 pp. 

 and 12 plates folio. It deals chiefly with the Buccinidtie, and gives 

 figures of a large number of raduhie. The text is printed both in 

 English and Norwegian. 



The " Investigator," carrying on the deep-sea exploration of the 

 Indian Ocean, under the auspices of the Indian Government, and in 

 connection with the Calcutta Museum, has been engaged in this work 

 since 1879. The results have been published from time to time in the 

 Annals and ^Magazine of Natural History, and one or two papers have 

 appeared in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 



The results of the French scientific expedition of the " Travailleur " 

 and the "Talisman" during the years 1880-83 are now in tbe 

 course of publication with many beautiful plates. The part on the 

 Brachiopoda by Dr. Paul Fischer and I). P. G^hlert was issued at 

 Paris in 1891. 



Dr. C. Semper has publislied, in a series of five quarto volumes, his 

 "Ileisen im Archipel der Philippinen " (1870-1894). tbe results of 

 his voyage in the Pliilip})ine Arcliipehigo. Three large volumes are 



