AIR-BREATHERS 143 
Cochlicopa librica, Mull., The Brilliant, 
(Ferussacia subeylindrica), is shown in | 
Figure 120. The little creature to which f 
this shell belongs lives chiefly in forests, 
concealing itself under leaves, and the bark Fis: 1°° 
of dead trees. It is about the size and shape of a 
grain of wheat, thin, dark horn-colored, very 
bright and glistening. This species lives in Hu- 
rope, where it is known in France as ‘‘la brillante,’’ 
also in the Hastern States, Alaska, Oregon, Utah, 
and it has even been collected on Grizzly Peak, 
back of the University of California. 
The members of the genus Pupa are mostly very 
small, though some of them grow to a fairly good 
size. The shell shown in Figure 121 is a fair rep- 
resentative of this great genus. The pic- 
me ture is small enough, but even the cross be- 
side it is too large for truth. The name is 
Fig. 121 Vértigo californica, Rowell, the California 
Pupa. The shell is brown, and on the sides of the 
little aperture are four tiny white teeth. It lives 
in various parts of California on the main land, 
and two varieties live on Catalina Island. 
The Pupas belong to a very ancient family, as 
we know from the fact that a little fossil shell was 
found in a coal mine in Nova Scotia, and is ree- 
koned as the oldest land shell ever discovered. 
They take their name, evidently from their re- 
semblance to the cocoon of an insect, which in turn 
is supposed to resemble a doll. Many of these 
shells are exceedingly minute, measuring less than 
2mm. in length. They are usually found in lowly 
positions, such as among grass-roots, under old 
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