182 Dr Boue's Comparative VieK' q/'the Secondary Rocks 



Gallicia is occupied by a chalk-basin of this description, covered 

 with tertiary rocks. The particular feature of this Carpathian 

 and Alpine chalk, is its alternation with very sandy or marly 

 greyish-sandstone, with fossil vegetables. In the Alps, fine 

 masses of this kind occur in the greensand in the Allgau near 

 Sonthofen, where it contains also in its undermost part not only 

 nummulite limestone, but also, as at Neukirchen and Lauerz, 

 iron-ore, with many fossils. Count Munster pronounces these 

 last to be tertiary, an opinion which I cannot reconcile with the 

 belemnites, inocerames, and ammonites, which 1 found in the 

 under part of the greensand of Sonthofen. 



Upon the chalk of Gallicia there rests a vast deposite of blue 

 clay, with gypsum, salt, and sulphur. I found in the salt not 

 only some subappenine shells, as Ostrea navicularis, taken for a 

 Gryphsea acuta by M. Pusch, Pleurotoma, a Nucula, allied to 

 the Margaritacea, microscopic shells, &c., but also fresh-water 

 shells, as Anodontae, Paludina? and Mytili, like those of the Da- 

 nube. These shells of Wieliezka probably occur in other salt- 

 mines. At Lemberg I found, upon the chalk, the same marls, 

 with rolled masses of the same Jura limestone and of granite as 

 in the mine of Wieliezka. The Moldavian and Transylvanian 

 salt deposite, with brown coal, must also be tertiary. Above 

 this clay there is only a very thick deposite of sand and sand- 

 stone, which covers the foot of the Carpathians in GaUicia, as 

 well as in Transylvania, but which, being the result of the de- 

 composition of the Carpathian sandstone, occasionally assumes 

 its appearance, and has till now been confounded with it. 



The tertiary sandstone is characterized by its sands, its marls, 

 its beds of semiopal, its tertiary shells (ostrea, pecten, nummu- 

 lites), and its not containing fucoides. In the plain of Gallicia 

 and Podolia, and in the Bukowina, the tertiary clay is covered 

 by sand, sandy marl, with beds of a tertiary limestone, which 

 is partly cellular, witho.ut shells, and has the appearance of a 

 formation which has taken place in brackish water. Generally 

 these beds are followed by others full of cerites, or miliolites, 

 and also mixtures of fresh and salt water shells, resembing those 

 in Austria and Hungary, and above there are vast deposites in 

 the quartzy sand, of coral limestone, both compact and disinte- 

 grated. An old alluvial marl covers the whole near the great ri- 



