10 On Terrestrial or Epigeic Deposits 



soulevement of the high Alps had dislocated the soil of the 

 Morea, like that of southern France, and exposed the interior 

 parts of the caverns. 



Of the Mother-Springs, or Kephalovrysi. — Having considered 

 the entrance of the courses of subterraneous waters in moun- 

 tains, let us now examine their outlets. 



The inferior outlets are called Kephalovrysi (head of the 

 waters), not only on account of the volume of their waters but 

 of its equality in all seasons, and irregular intermissions by 

 which they are distinguished from other springs. 



The position of the kephalovrysi seems, in our opinion, to be 

 determined by geognostic circumstances ; in the mountain, as at 

 the springs of the Ladon, and those of the Buphagiis,* near 

 Carytene, and in many other places, they pierce above the 

 beds of marl, situated at the inferior portion of the great for- 

 mation of chalk and greensand, and in Laconia, at the junc- 

 tion of the marbles and the slaty rocks ; but the most copious 

 open towards the shore or in the plains, in the horizontal curve 

 which the ancient banks mark out. 



Such is the position of the springs of Lerna, Erasinus, 

 Tyrinthus, Candia in Argolis, and the magnificent springs of 

 Skala in Helos ; in short, they often show themselves below the 

 level of the sea, as at Anavolo near Astros, and at a great 

 many points opposite the abrupt shores of Argolis, Laconia, 

 and Achaia. 



The submarine river Anavolo (now Dine) -f, presents the best 

 instance of this phenomenon ; at 300 or 400 metres from the 

 shore, waves may be seen in calm weather, with large concentric 

 circles, round a part very much swollen, and with the sand 

 bubbling up over a considerable extent. The shore exhibits a 

 concentric sinking at an elevation of 100 metres, hollowed out 

 in the sides of Mount Zavitsa (see the new chart of the Morea, 

 3d sheet), a fact in which one cannot fail to observe the sinking of 

 caverns produced by an action, not of erosion, but of clearing out. 



It would have been so much the more important for our zoo- 



• We are compelled to use the ancient names, as these rivers have no mo- 

 dem ones. 



t Pausanias had noticed this phenomenon, but the text is so obssure, and 

 the translations so faulty, that, had we not visited the places, we could not 

 have divined what he was discussing. 



