52 Dr Craigie's Observations nn the 



of the small or pulmonary circulation, with a slight approach to 

 the large one, but the essential circumstances of the modern 

 -doctrine of respiration. The idea of Servet of the combina- 

 tion of the blood with the air in the communicating branches 

 of the pulmonary artery and veins, is as distinctly expressed as 

 in the modern physiological authors ; and the notion that the 

 blood is purified from some foul or sooty material (fuligo), is 

 quite analogous to that of the separation or elimination of car- 

 bon from the venous blood. The rarity of his work, however, 

 and the melancholy fate of the author, appear to have kept 

 these valuable doctrines in a state of comparative obscurity for 

 nearly two centuries. 



Hitherto anatomy, both human and animal, had been culti- 

 vated rather in a desultory and unsystematic vnanner, and with- 

 out great attention to precision and accuracy ; and even Vesalius 

 himself was by no means free from this defect. Some attempts 

 to rectify this evil were made, we have seen, by Ingrassias and 

 Cannani ; but the individual who made the most strenuous ex- 

 ertions, and who further availed himself systematically of the 

 study of comparative anatomy, to illustrate the structure of 

 the human frame, is Bartholomew Eustachio of San Severino, in 

 the Anconese territory. This anatomist, who was not less dis- 

 tinguished, though greatly less fortunate in reputation, (ban 

 VesaUus, was professor to the Roman College, and physician to 

 Giulio della Rovere, Cardinal d'Urbino,, not afterwards pope, 

 as staled by Portal ; for diat cardinal never attained the papal 

 dignity. Though assiduously devoted to the dissection of the 

 human body, he may be regarded as almost the first, and, for 

 a long time, the only anatomist who laboured on a rational plan 

 to extend the science by the study of animal anatomy. 



The first subject investigated by Eustachio was the struc- 

 ture of the kidneys ; and it is almost enough to say, that his 

 description of their granular and tubular portions, and the ar- 

 rangement of the vessels in both, is quite as accurate and distinct 

 as that of the best modern anatomists. The structure of these 

 organs he had investigated not only in man, but in the dog, 

 bear, and other animals. The granular or cortical matter, as it 

 has been named after him, is reddish in man, he remarks, but 

 whitish in the dog and other animals. A valuable observation 

 is, that he remarked the lobulated structure of the kidneys of 



