NOTES. 273 



already been published by Dr. F. A. Hassler, who states that a considerable 

 number of specimens were kept out of water for a whole year and then 

 found to be alive ! 



The Littorince appear to be peculiarly adapted for living out of water ; 

 indeed, some species are known to live at a considerable distance from the 

 sea. Mr. H. B. Preston informs me that he has seen great numbers of 

 L. arhoricola on trees fully a hundred yards from the backwaters of the 

 harbour of Trincomalee, and it was quite evident to him that these 

 Littorince never entered or were ever covered by the water. M. Recluz has 

 stated that L. neritoides, occurring in the crevices of rocks on the French 

 coast, are only covered by the sea at the highest tides, passing the 

 rest of the time adhering to the surface by means of a glutinous mucus. 

 Kuster also observed the same species at Ragusa, 18 feet above the 

 water, in the same position for four weeks, and he conjectured that 

 possibly they remained inactive during the entire hot season of the year. 

 Dr. E. von Martens also noticed some species in the Moluccas which pass 

 the greater part of their life out of the water, being moistened only by the 

 highest tides. Finally, attention may be called to the genus Cremnoconchus, 

 which is practically a Littorina, both as regards its anatomy and radula, 

 and is found living on rocks 30-50 miles from the sea. 



E. A. Smith. 



