SYNONYMS AND CLASSIFICATION, 5 
recorded on the Bayeux tapestry by the wife of William the Conqueror, 
and on this the stirrup was depicted, according to the authority of 
Berenger, as a part of the trappings of the horse. Shoeing was not 
practised by either the Greeks or Romans, and only in cases of lameness 
was the foot defended by a sandal, which, however, was sometimes tipped 
with iron. 
UNTIL SOME TIME AFTER THE INSTALLATION OF THE OLyMpran Gamers 
the use of the horse was confined to war and the chase. ‘These games 
were held every four years, and are supposed to have commenced about 
774 years before Christ, and as it was. 0t until the twenty-third Olympiad 
that the horse was introduced in the stena, the birth of horse-racing may 
be fixed at about the year 680 8.c, At first the horses were ridden, and 
the distance was about four miles, but in the twenty-fifth Olympiad the 
chariot was introduced, and after this time became the prevailing instrument 
of testing the speed and powers of the Grecian horse. Here, also, the 
distance was about four miles, but as a pillar was to be rounded several 
times, the race depended quite as much on the skill of the charioteer as 
on the qualities of his horses. 
CHAPTER IL 
NATURAL HISTORY AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. 
SYNONYMS AND CLASSIFICATION IN THE SCALE OF CREATION—HABITS—EXTERNAY 
FORM AS INDICATED BY POINTS—PROPORTIONS—PERIOD OF MATURITY—AVERAGE 
AGE—PERIODICAL MOULTING—MENTAL DEVELOPMENT—SMALL STOMACH. 
SYNONYMS AND CLASSIFICATION. 
THe Horsz, in English, is synonymous with imros, Greek; equus, 
Latin ; pferd, German ; cheval, French ; paard, Dutch; hést, Swedish ; 
fest, Danish ; cavallo, Italian ; caballo, Spanish ; loschad, Russian ; kon 
Polish ; sukhk, Turkish ; hysdn, Syriac; hozan, Arabic; al, Toorkman; 
ma, Siamese ; fur or pur, Bornou ; barree, Timbuctoo ; as, Pustoo. 
IN THE CLASSIFICATION adopted by modern natural historians he belongs 
to the division Vertebrata, class Mammalia, tribe Ungulata, order Pachy- 
dermata, family Solipeda, and genus Hquus. 
His DENTAL FORMULA is us follows :—Incisors &, canine (in the male 
only) + 3, molars & &, total 40. 
HADITS. 
THE Hapsits of the horse in a wild or free state, are similar to those of 
most of the gregarious and graminivorous animals. That is to say, he 
places his safety in flight ; but when compelled to make a stand against 
any of the larger carnivora, he fights strongly with his heels and teeth. In 
all countries he feeds upon grass, (green, or dried as hay,) straw or grain ; 
in addition to which articles may be placed camel’s milk, which is used 
occasionally in the deserts of Arabia, when the usual supply of food is 
altogether deficient. In a free state, where the horse has to travel far for 
his food, he becomes inured to fatigue, and is able to make long journeys, 
without the training which the domesticated animal requires. Thus the 
