DRAINAGE AND WATER SUPPLY. 197 
ALL STABLE WINDOWS should be of iron, and if they are cast with iron 
bars six inches apart from centre to centre, no horse will break the glass. 
Every other bar may be made to project so as to form the framework for 
the glass, and in this way serve a double purpose. In building new 
stables I should always prefer to place the windows close to the ceiling 
and above the mangers, so as to give the horse the fresh air where he 
wants it. If they are made to open in a valvular form, as represented 
below, on the same principle as has long been adopted in church windows, 
and as I have for years recommended for lighting and ventilating kennels, 
there is no down draught, and every advantage is obtained from the fresh 
air without the disadvantage which ensues when it blows down upon the 
back or loins. In the engraving (a) represents the window perfectly 
Shut Open 
LLLLLO 
Cc 
VENTILATING WINDOWS. 
closed, in the state admitting light but no air; (2) shows the same window 
opened as far as the framework will allow, intermediate degrees being 
regulated by the ratched rod (c), which is fixed to the upper edge of the 
frame, and catches on the top rail of the sash. Jron frames of this 
shape may be obtained by order of any iron-founder, or they may be made 
of wood. The glass must be guarded with bars either fixed to the sashes 
themselves or to the framework. It will be seen in the figure (b) that I 
have indicated with an arrow the direction which the air inevitably takes 
as it enters the stable. Of course these windows may be fixed in any 
wall other than that at the head of the horse, but I prefer the latter as 
being the nearest to the nostrils where the air is wanted for the purpose of 
respiration. The size should be about two feet square. The additional 
cost is very trifling when it is considered that no other openings need be 
provided for the admission of air. 
DRAINAGE AND WATER SUPPLY. 
Next ry 1rorTANce to the choice of the situation and aspect, is the 
method to be adopted in draining the stable. The former cannot well be 
altered, but the latter may, and therefore I have placed it second. To 
ensure the perfect performance of the office of cleansing the stable, 
the first thing to be done is to provide a means of receiving the 
liquid which constantly must fall upon the flooring, consisting partly of 
