200 THE HORSE. 
that angular joints are forged so as to connect the stall drains with those 
at the backs of the horses, and in this way there is no difficulty whatever 
in keeping the litter perfectly dry excepting just at the spot where the 
urine or water first falls. Ifthe drain at the backs of the horses is a very 
long one it must be sunk beneath the surface and carried on by means of 
glazed earthenware or iron pipes, with grated openings behind each horse 
(not trapped), but the iron gutters above described are quite sufficient to 
provide for three or four horses. This will be more fully alluded to when 
the exact formation of the stalls and loose boxes is entered upon. The 
price of the various articles, as manufactured and sold by the proprietor 
of the St. Pancras Iron Works, is as follows :— 
3. a: 
Patent wrought-iron stable guttering, according to the pattern 
engraved, per foot Ss Aee im ote Meee. teha iis 
Angles for ditto, each . 3 8 
T’s for ditto, each . 3 6 
An open guttering is made at Is. 10d. per foot, rounded at the top, but 
it is not nearly so efficient as that which I have described. 
The prices of stench pots or traps are as follows :— 
Large traps (a), page 199, each 
Inlets, each, Ss ae 
Small traps (0), page 199, 10 inch . 
2-inch . 
| 
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» ” 
Plain stable gratings and frames, 8-inch, 2s. 6d., 10-inch, 3s. 3a., 
12-inch, 4s. 9d., 14-inch, 7s. 6d., 16-inch, 10s. 6d., each. 
WatTER-PIPES, where there is no pump, must be laid in the ground 
so as to be out of the reach of frost, and should be furnished with a 
good-sized cistern in or near the saddle-room, where it can be kept 
from freezing. ‘The system of laying on water pipes to the mangers, by 
which they may be readily filled, is a good one, but it costs money and is 
by no means necessary. If the iron surface drains which I have de- 
scribed are used no flushing is required, a besom easily cleaning them out, 
but pipe drains are certainly the better for a good flushing now and then. 
Hard pump water is not so good for drinking as soft or river water, but in 
many situations nothing else can be obtained. When soft water is 
within reach it may easily be conducted into a cistern in the saddle-room, 
where its temperature will be always nearly that of the stable 
VENTILATION AND LIGHTING. 
I HAVE ALREADY entered to some extent upon the best form of windows 
for stabling, and have shown how far they may be applied to the purpose 
of supplying air from without. Sometimes, however, there are already in 
the building windows of the ordinary construction ; and in that case it 
will be necessary to introduce ventilators, of some shape or other, to admit 
the external air. In all cases, some provision should be made for pre- 
venting any draught falling upon the horses, and for regulating the amount 
of air. The common round tube, with a bend at a right “angle down- 
wards on the outside of the wall, is the cheapest form in which this can 
be done; but. it is very apt to be rendered totally inefficient by being 
stuffed with hay in cold weather, and left in this state ever afterwards. 
Several patents have been lately taken out for getting a down-draught by 
the side of the up-draught tube; of which Mr. Moir’s four-sectioned 
