302 THE HORSE. 
metal arm, with an eye (/) in it, to which is attached the tug of the trace, 
a clip of iron stitened into a double piece of leather, which is fixed to the 
buckle for the trace (g). This last is simply a long double-leather strap, 
attached at one end to the above buckle, and at the other by an eye to the 
drawing-bar of the gig or carriage ; or sometimes the buckle is at the other 
end, and then the tug is stitched at once into the trace. 
THE SUPPORTING AND BACKING PART consists of the pad or saddle (h), 
somewhat similar in principle to the riding saddle, but much narrower and 
lighter. This has two rings for the reins, called the terrets (2), and a 
hook (j) for the bearing rein, all at the top. It is fastened to the horse 
by a belly-band (4), and at the back of it there is an eye for the crupper, 
which is a leather strap from it to the tail, round the root of which it 
passes, and thus holds the pad from pressing forwards. Through the 
middle of the pad passes a strong leather strap, called the back-band (0), 
which is attached to a buckle and strong loop on each side, called the 
shaft tug (m), by which the shaft is supported, and also kept back from 
pressing upon the horse’s quarters, in which latter office it is sometimes 
assisted by a leather strap passing round these parts, and buckled on each 
side, either to the shaft or to its tug, and called the breechen (7). 
THE PART FOR GUIDING THE HORSE consists of the bridle and the reins, 
the former being made up of two cheek-pieces and winkers (p and 9g), a 
throat-lash (r), a noseband (s), a face-strap (¢), a front-piece (w), and a 
head-piece (v). The cheek-pieces are buckled to the bit which is gene- 
rally a strong curb, but sometimes only a double-ringed snaffle, now very 
commonly used in driving. The reins (w) are merely long and narrow 
strips of leather passing from the bit through the hame and pad-terrets to 
the driver’s hand. Bearing-reins are additional reins attached to bridoon 
bits, and passing through ear-rings on or near the throat-lash to the hook 
on the pad. They are, however, now seldom used in single harness ; but 
are Shown in the plan at page 301. Where the bearing-rein is not used, a 
long ear-ring is now sometimes suspended from the head of the bridle, 
through which the driving-rein passes, and by which the horse is pre- 
vented from getting the rein under the point of the shaft, an accident 
which is very annoying to those who leave their horses standing about 
with their servants, as, unless the rein is at once slackened, the horse is 
made to back and upset the carriage. 
BREECHEN AND KICKING-STRAP UNITED, 
THE CHIEF VARIATIONS in the details of single harness are in the 
drawing part and in the breechen, independently of the bearing-rein to 
which I have already alluded, 
