PM TET, ae 
AS A CONSEQUENCE OF THIS ARRANGEMENT OF PARTS, the teeth, as they 
wear down, present a different appearance according to the extent to 
which their attrition has reached. On this fact is founded a means of 
Fia. 4.—SrcTIon oF INcIson. 
c. Cement on external surface. 
c. Cement reflected within the cavity. 
¢. Enamel also reflected. ‘ Wig, 5. 
d. Dentine. SECTION OF A PORTION oF INCISOR (MAGNIPIE)), 
s. Tartar, coloured black by decomposition of c. Cement. d. Dentine. 
food, contained within the cavity. e. Enamel. 
arriving at a knowledge of the age of the horse after he has shed his 
milk teeth, which as a rule he does in pairs at certain fixed periods. In 
order, therefore, to be able to estimate the age of the horse from his 
teeth, it is necessary to ascertain, as nearly as may be, the exact time at 
which he puts up each pair of his milk or sucking teeth, and afterwards 
the periods at which they are replaced by the permanent teeth. Finally, 
it becomes the province of the veterinarian to lay down rules for ascer- 
taining the age from the degree of attrition which the permanent teeth 
have undergone. For these several purposes, the horse’s mouth must be 
studied from the earliest period of his life up to old age. 
In horseman’s language the incisors are called nippers, the canine 
teeth tushes, and the molars grinders. 
By THE END OF THE FIRST YEAR the colt has cut his twelve nippers 
and sixteen grinders, which usually pierce the gums at the following 
months. Before birth, the eight anterior grinders have generally shown 
themselves, followed about a week after foaling by the two central nippers. 
At the end of the first month another grinder makes its appearance all 
round, and in the middle of the second the next nipper shows itself. By 
the end of the second month the central nippers have attained their full 
size, and the second are about half-grown, requiring another month to 
