THE HOCK. 347 
condyles of the lower extremity. The anterior angls is the shin, and at 
the upper part of this is a strong tubercle (3, Fig. 35), 
THE SUPERIOR EXTREMITY has two irregularly oval and slightly hol- 
lowed articulatory surfaces, which revolve upon the condyles of the femur, 
the cavity being deepened in each by the intervention of the semilunar 
cartilage. Between them are to be seen a sharp elevation and two pits, 
to which the crucial ligaments are attached. In front is the tuberosity 
to which the ligament of the patella is fixed. On the sides of the head 
are the condyles, rough for the attachment of the corresponding liga- 
ments, and the external having an oval articular fossa for the head of 
the fibula. 
THE INFERIOR OR TARSAL EXTREMITY is much smaller than the superior, 
but wider than the body, and nearly quadrilateral ; its anterior border is 
flat and rough ; its posterior border is also flat, and presents numerous 
foramina ‘The external border is prominent and rough, and has a groove 
in its centre. Depending from each 
side is a process (the internal and 
external malleolus of human ana- 
tomy), serving to strengthen the arti- 
culation with the astragalus, and the 
internal being considerably the longer. 
Between these are two deep grooves, 
smoothly covered with cartilage, and 
having a projection in the middle 
similarly clothed. The direction of 
these grooves is obliquely forwards 
and outwards. Both the malleoli 
are lined with cartilage, which enters 
into the joint. 
THe Fipuna is a slender bone, 
having a slight enlargement at its 
superior extremity to form the head. 
On its inner surface there is a layer 
of articular cartilage to form the joint 
with the tibia. Below it has a bulb- 
ous end, which is free, and affords 
attachment to the ligamentous fibres 
which connect it with the tibia. Be- 
tween the two bones there is a con- 
siderable space, occupied by a thin 
membrane. $ ; ee 
ituuPansnssior hock, is: made up 4 concn weal cP he tibie. 
of several bones connecting the tibia 2. External malleolus. 
3. Os calcis. 
Fic. 36.—INTERNAL VIEW OF TARSAL BONES. 
above with the metatarsus below. It 4 and5. Surfaces of articulation on the astra- 
5 = 6 galus, which, together with correspond- 
corresponds with the ankle of man ; fag iones-on the fibia, fori the erent 
and if the term wrist were to be ap- rape meeseint of the skeleton. | 
plied to the knee of the horse, as sug- * “""Inent of ligaments. for the attach 
gested by certain writers, in order to 6 Os scaphoides. 
. — cuneiforme magnum, 
6 
be consistent the hock must be called 8. — cuneiforme parvum. 
the ankle, which would lead to end- ,% Jawenetstarsal bone. 
less confusion. ‘The better plan is to 
retain the names by which these parts are known in our ordinary language 
and to adopt the nomenclature of the anatomical school for any scientific 
description. Thus the carpus and tarsus of the anatomist are rendered 
