THE JOINTS. 349 
with a similar one on the os cuneiforme parvum ; its anterior border is 
roughened throughout. 
Tue Os CunEirorME Parvum is situated on the internal side of the 
tarsus. This bone, smaller than all, is prolonged from before backwards, 
flattened from one side to the other, and articulates with the os cunei- 
forme magnum, and with the large and internal small metatarsal bones, to 
which it corresponds by four surfaces covered with cartilage. 
METATARSAL AND PHALANGEAL BONES. 
THe Merartarsat and Phalangeal bones, known to the horseman as the 
cannon-bones, the pasterns, and the hind feet, resemble so closely those 
of the fore extremity, that it is unnecessary to repeat the description of 
them here. 
CHAPTER XIX. 
OF THE JOINTS, AND THE TISSUES ENTERING INTO THEIR COMPOSITION. 
GENERAL REMARKS — CARTILAGE— FIBROUS TISSUE — FIBRO-CARTILAGE — SYNOVIAL 
MEMBRANES—CLASSIFICATION OF THE JOINTS—THEIR MOVEMENTS—ARTICULATIONS 
OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN—LIGAMENTUM COLLI, OR GREAT CERVICAL LIGAMENT, 
AND OTHER PECULIARITIES OF THE VERTEBRA OF THE NECK—MOVEMENTS OF THE 
VERTEBRA IN GENERAL, AND OF CERTAIN OF THEIR JOINTS IN PARTICULAR—THORAGIO 
ARTICULATION—TEMPORO-MAXILLARY ARTICULATION—PECULIARITIES IN THE ARTICU- 
LATIONS OF THE LUMBAR VERTEBRE—LUMBO-SACRAL ARTICULATION—COCCYGEAL 
JOINTS—SACRO-ILIAC ARTICULATIONS—ISCHIO-PUBIC SYMPHYSIS—THE SHOULDER JOINT 
—ELBOW JOINT—KNEE JOINT—INTER-METACARPAL ARTICULATION—FETLOCK JOINT— 
PASTERN JOINT—COFFIN JOINT—HIP JOINT—STIFLE JOINT—TIBIO-FIBULAR ARTIOU- 
LATION—HOCK JOINT AND ARTICULATION BETWEEN THE BONES OF THE TARSUS— 
TARSO-METATARSAL ARTICULATION—TERMINAL ARTICULATION OF THE POSTERIOR 
LIMBS, 
GENERAL REMARKS. 
Tue Jornts are all formed between two or more separate bones, having 
a soft and elastic substance interposed, whose structure varies with the 
amount of motion. Where this is extensive, as in the joints of the limbs, 
the adjacent surfaces are covered with a peculiar kind of cartilage arranged 
in a thin and very smooth layer upon them. In addition to this protec- 
tion against friction and vibration, the bones are firmly bound together by 
strong bands of white fibrous inelastic tissue under the general name of 
ligaments, each bundle receiving a distinct appellation. In those situa- 
tions where the motion is limited, a mixture of cartilage and fibrous tissue 
is inserted between the ends of the bones and attached to both, as in the 
vertebra, ischio-pubic symphysis, &c. ; while in order to reduce the vibra- 
tion and friction in certain important joints fibro-cartilages are introduced, 
with both surfaces free, and in contact only with the usual layer of car- 
tilago, as in the stifle and jaw. A lubricating fluid (called synovia) is 
required to reduce the amount of friction ; and to produce it, as well as to 
keep it within proper limits, a membrane (synovial) is developed. This is 
attached to each bone in a peculiar manner, to be presently described. 
Lastly, an elastic fibrous tissue (yellow) is met with in certain situations, 
the most remarkable being the great ligament of the neck. Each of these 
