PLEURISY. 493 
replace. With regard to medicine, tartar emetic is the only drug which 
seems to have much influence over pneumonia, and it must be given 
every six hours in drachm doses, with from half a drachm to a drachm of 
powdered digitalis, or white hellebore, to keep down the pulse, and two 
or three drachms of nitre, to increase the action of the kidneys. Unless 
the bowels are confined no aperient should be given, and if necessary only 
the mildest dose should be used. The diet should consist of bran mashes, 
gruel, and a little hay, or green food if the season of the year allows. A 
cool airy stable and warm clothing are indispensable in this disease. 
When the first violence of the attack has subsided, a large blister on the 
side of the chest will afford great relief, and when it ceases to act, if the 
disease is not entirely cured a second may be put on the other side. 
SuB-AcUTE PNEUMONIA differs in no respect from the acute form, 
excepting in degree, and the symptoms and treatment will vary only in 
proportion. 
THE TERMINATIONS of pneumonia mey be death, or resolution (by 
which is to be understood a disappearance of the symptoms withoui 
leaving any mischief behind), or hepatization, or abscess. The last-named 
sequel may be very serious in extent, but if an opening is made by nature 
for the discharge of its contents into the bronchial tubes the horse may 
recover, and his wind may be sufficiently good for any purposes but the 
racecourse or the hunting-field. Hepatization is always attended with 
thick wind, but in other respects the health may be good, and the horse 
may be suited to ordinary work. In process of time some of the lymph 
is absorbed, and a considerable improvement takes place, but it never 
entirely disappears, and a horse which has once suffered from pneumonia 
attended by hepatization remains permanently unsound. 
PLEURISY. 
THIS DISEASE is characterised by a very peculiar respiration, the expira 
tions being much longer than the inspirations, owing to the pain which is 
given by the action of the muscles necessary for the latter, while the 
former, if the chest is allowed quietly to fall, is almost painless. Never- 
theless, the breathing is quicker on the whole than natural, being from 
forty to fifty per minute. The pulse is quick, small, and incompressible. 
Nostrils and eyes of a natural colour, and the former are not dilated. The 
countenance is anxious, and the legs are rather drawn together than ex- 
tended, as in bronchitis and pneumonia, and they are not colder than 
usual. There is a short hurried cough, with great restlessness, and the 
sides are always painful on pressure ; but this symptom by itself is not to 
be relied on, as it is present in pleurodynia, which will be presently 
described. 
The treatment should consist of copious bleeding, followed by a mild 
purgative, and the same ball as recommended for pneumonia, with the 
addition of half a drachm of calomel. Blisters are not desirable to be 
applied to the sides of the thorax, as there is so little space between the 
two surfaces of the pleura and the skin that they are apt to do harm by 
immediately irritating the former, rather than to act beneficially by counter- 
irritation of the skin. A large rowel may, however, be placed in the 
breast with advantage. 
HyYDROTHORAX, or water in the cavity of the chest, is one of the sequels 
of chronic pleurisy, the serum thrown out being the means by which a 
