SHOEING. 569 
it. I have used it for many years, and can speak from practical experience 
as to its great utility and extreme simplicity. The plan is as follows :— 
WG 
if) 
Fic. 8.—WHITE’s PLAN uF ROUGHING SHOES. 
a. Hole drilled in each heel, and tapped to receive c, Calking shown separately. 
a sharpened calking or cog, shown fuil size. d. Side view of concave-seated fore shoe, with 
b. Heel with calking screwed in, ready for use. calkings screwed in (reduced size). 
A hole is drilled in each heel, and tapped to receive the screw at the base 
of a calking (see fig. 8). This is all that is necessary to be done at the 
time of shoeing, as the cogs may be made in large numbers, and can bo 
kept at home till they are wanted, when they may be fixed to the shoe in 
five minutes on the appearance of a frost, and even if the horses are from 
home, by merely carrying the necessary tool, which is simply a spanner 
made to fit them (see fig. 9, e). I have always been charged 4d. per shoe 
extra for this punching of the heels and tapping, and finding the taps 
myself, which it is better to procure, together with the calkings, from an 
engineer, the former costing 6s., and the latter 2d. to 3d. a piece, if ordered 
by the score. ‘The extra cost, therefore, for shoeing horses during three 
months of the year in this way is about 3s. per month, which places the 
owner out of all risk of accident or delay, and is certainly not more than 
is paid for roughing in the ordinary way on the average of seasons, while 
it saves the horse’s feet from damage, and often prevents a broken knee 
or a worse accident. The tapped hole fills with dirt, which can readily be 
cleaned out with a bit of stick, and it will always last as long as the shoe. 
No one who is likely to want his horses roughed at a minute’s notice 
should be without this apparatus; but there is always a difficulty with 
the smiths, as they object to it on account of the loss of work which it 
causes to them. But masters should remember that what is a loss to the 
one is a gain to the other; and as the choice rests with them, they can 
adopt the plan if they like. 
Since the first edition of this book was publiched, I have had so many 
inquiries for the best means of procuring these cogs and tools, that I have 
arranged with a London engineer, who is to be depended on, to furnish 
them when required. His prices are slightly higher than the Birmingham 
