I24 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
agricultural implements. Twenty years ago old dry pieces and 
seasoned rootwood were largely exported to Europe (over 15,500 
tons, valued at £37,000, having been shipped in 1882-83), 
where this “redwood” was largely used in dyeing, the red 
colouring principle being the saz¢alin, soluble in ether and 
alcohol, but not in water. Dissolved in water it dyes silk a 
beautiful salmon-pink colour. Perhaps owing to want of suitable 
old-seasoned wood, but more probably owing to the discovery 
and manufacture of cheaper and gaudier artificial dyes, the export 
of Indian redwood (as of other natural dye-stuffs) has fallen off 
very considerably, and is now of little value. But large quantities 
of the wood are used for carving and other ornamental purposes, 
as well as for furniture and carpentry, and the timber is in 
considerable local demand. It is a pretty tree, with a tall, 
straight stem, and a high-set compact round crown of dense 
foliage, though, curiously enough, its leaves are impatient of the 
shade of other trees. It seeds in February and March, and 
natural regeneration from seed is easy, although, as in the case 
of teak and sdl, and many other of the best timber-trees of 
India, the new shoots are apt to die off year after year until the 
increasing roots are able to throw out a shoot strong enough to 
resist the withering effects of the fierce sun and the scorching 
winds of the hot season. It also reproduces itself well by means 
of coppice-shoots and root-suckers. It grows best on the 
northern and eastern slopes of low ridges and spurs, on the 
stony soil of which the isolated poles of red sanders rise here 
and there above tufts of scented lemon-grass. The natural 
forests in the home of this tree are now being carefully protected 
against fire and grazing, while plantations have also been formed 
to provide increased supplies for future use. Planting is usually 
done with seedlings raised in small loosely-woven bamboo 
baskets, which are inserted into holes of suitable size dug in 
the ground, and are regularly watered during the dry season. 
Few observations have been recorded as to either its rate of 
growth or as to its attainable dimensions. Gamble mentions a 
plantation made in 1865, which showed in 1883, at 18 years of 
age, an average height of 4o feet and girth of nearly 18 inches, 
with an average annual increment of nearly 3 tons per acre; but this 
is probably less rapid than its growth in the open natural forests. 
Each of the Indian provinces, as indeed almost every tropical 
and subtropical country, has as its own pectiliar “ironwood,” some 
