THE TOWN-WOODS OF CARLSBAD (BOHEMIA). 155 
of sporadic or casual (so-called “ selection”) fellings, only over- 
mature or unhealthy trees being removed here and there, as 
occasion requires, and the gradual regeneration being provided 
for either naturally by self-sown seed or else’ artificially by 
planting. As many of the hillsides in this zone have very 
steep slopes, stout hurdles have to be inserted so as to run 
in broken horizontal lines set at close distances apart. It is 
only thus that the dead foliage, and the friable, earthy layer of 
the surface-soil can be retained in position, so steep are many 
of these hill-sides; and such mechanical support is also just as 
much needed to support plants set there out of the nursery as 
to provide a suitable germinating-bed for self-sown seed. All 
cultural operations within this first zone are therefore unusually 
costly, owing to the steepness of the hill-sides; and the persever- 
ance and success with which such natural difficulties are there over- 
come form of themselves a striking object-lesson in arboriculture. 
The care and attention of the forester is constantly required ; 
natural regeneration is sparse and altogether insufficient; and 
even artificial regeneration, in the form of underplanting, has to 
be carried out at great expense, with stout 8- to 12-year-old plants, 
twice transplanted in the 74 acre nursery maintained for this 
purpose. In the more heavily overshadowed places, only beech 
and hornbeam are set—or beech alone, if necessary; where 
the shade is less, ash, maple, sycamore, elm, and lime are 
planted, and oak only where it can have a fair amount of light. 
All of such plants usually wilt for some years after being planted, 
in consequence of their removal from the free, open nursery to 
the shade of the old woods; but when once they are able to 
accommodate themselves to this great change of environment, 
they do well in the good humose soil. Recent sowings of beech 
chiefly, and also of maple, sycamore, and durmast oak, have 
done well, and give promise of this cheaper method being 
introduced as extensively as may be found practicable. 
In order to carry out esthetic principles as thoroughly as 
possible within this zone, young, well-branched trees of vigorous 
growth are left standing when regenerative falls are being made; 
while, of course, the falls are conducted only to such an extent 
as may ensure the foot-paths and resting-places being kept always 
cool and shady, and may prevent the surface-soil from being 
washed away during rainfall—a very important and _ difficult 
matter on the steeper hill-sides specially exposed to the danger 
