228 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
one. In the first section the formule required in actuarial 
calculations in connection with forestry are detailed; Section 2 
discusses points to be considered in making actuarial calculations ; 
Section 3 deals with the valuation of forest land ; Section 4 with 
the valuation of growing crops of timber; Section 5 with the 
valuation of normal capital in wood throughout the working- 
circle; Section 6 with the estimating of the income derivable 
from woodlands ; and Section 7 with the application of actuarial 
methods to forestry. 
Useful Appendices to this part are— 
1. Tables of Girths and Superficies. 
2. Cubic Contents of Round Logs (British measure). 
3. Average Yield Tables for Scots Pine, Spruce, Beech, and 
Oak in Germany. 
4. Tables of Compound Interest and Discount. 
Part VI. deals with the Utilisation of Woodland Produce, 
and under this head such matters as the technical properties, 
harvesting, transport, preservation of timber, and woodland 
industries are discussed. 
The author nullifies a great deal of what he has previously 
said when he practically admits that ‘trees grown in our more 
open woods . . . are, although shorter in the bole and rougher 
in the top, more durable, of greater density and greater 
strength, than timber grown closely together, as it is in the 
well-managed Continental and in the primeval virgin forests,” 
a fact, at least so far as the timber of broad-leaved trees is 
concerned, which is apt to be lost sight of in these days of 
advocacy of wholesale adoption of Continental methods. 
Among much that is of inestimable value in this part to the 
practical reader will be found passages describing operations 
that are primitive, customs that are obsolete, and tools and 
implements that have been improved on, in Scotland at least. 
The transport of timber is dealt with in a thorough manner, and 
ideas from every part of the world are presented. This is an 
important factor in determining where timber may be grown 
with profit, and its difficulties emphasise the need of local 
wood-consuming industries. While we keep under the 1ooo feet 
contour line timber-slides will not be utilised to any great extent, 
and water-shoots or flumes seldom or never. Tramways have 
been used in this country for the transport of timber, and their 
use might with advantage be extended. 
