FOREST POLICY IN THE BRITISH EMPIRE. 13 
Preparation of Forest Working-Plans ; how, further, the require- 
ments of reproduction, and the study of the characteristics of 
woods and the trees that composed them, led to a fourth branch, 
Sylviculture ; how this had to be supplemented by means of 
valuation, requiring a fifth branch of Forest Valuation or Forest 
Finance ; how the need of legal means of securing rights in forest 
property formed the sixth branch, A4orest Laws and Forest 
Regulations ; and how, finally, it became necessary for States 
to determine how far forests were wanted and should be main- 
tained, and a seventh branch, Forest Policy, was made. 
Dr Schlich’s definition of a “ forest” is “an area which, for the 
‘most part, is set aside for the production of timber and other 
“‘ forest produce, or which is expected to exercise certain climatic 
“ effects, or to protect the locality against injurious influences,” 
and he contrasts this with a “‘ wood,” which is “an area stocked 
“‘ with trees or shrubs, or both, and managed for the production 
“of timber, firewood, and such other produce as ordinarily 
“accompanies the rearing of trees,” so that every wood is a 
forest, but every forest is not necessarily a wood. 
Chapter I., on the “ Direct Utility of Forests,” explains that the 
direct effects of forests are due to the produce which they yield, 
the capital which they represent and the work which they 
provide. The produce is either “ principal,” that is, timber and 
fuel, or “minor,” represented by a great number of products— 
leaves, flowers, bark, extracts, fibres, etc. The capital of 
forestry consists chiefly of the soil and the growing Stock of 
wood. The work provided by forests consists in the labour 
required for administration, formation, harvesting, etc.; in that 
necessary for the transport of produce; and in that required for 
industries which are dependent on forests for their prime material. 
Dr Schlich states that in Germany about eight million pounds 
are paid annually for administration, etc., maintaining about one 
million of people; that about four million pounds are paid 
annually for transport; and about thirty million pounds, main- 
taining three million people, are spent in forest industries. These 
statistics are important, and show the value of forests in giving 
employment to the population. 
Chapter II., on the “ Indirect Utility of Forests,” describes the 
effect of forests—(1) on the temperature of the air and soil; 
(2) on the moisture of the air and the movement of water in 
nature ; (3) mechanically ; (4) hygienically ; and (5) zsthetically. 
