A SESSION AT THE EBERSWALDE FOREST ACADEMY. 209 
pine, the pine beetle (Aylesinus piniperda) causes the most 
damage. When the mature beetles appear in July and August, 
they fly to the crowns of the Scots pine, and bore into the 
young shoots, the leader-shoots generally being chosen. They 
mine towards the terminal bud, and after a gale of wind numerous 
shoots may be seen lying on the ground beneath the trees, 
When a leading shoot has been destroyed, a secondary one 
takes its place, resulting in a few years in a bent and twisted 
stem. The same result is also produced by crows and wood- 
pigeons alighting on and breaking the leading shoots. 
Of Lepidopterous insects the worst is the Nun moth (Lzparis 
monacha). The damage is done by the caterpillars, which 
feed upon the needles of the Scots pine, and to a less extent on 
those of the spruce. The attack may be so severe that nearly 
all the needles may be eaten through or devoured. The moths 
were exceedingly common in August, and it was quite a usual 
occurrence to find at least a dozen at rest on the bole of a tree. 
The Nun moth differs from the majority of insects in this order 
in taking two years instead of one to complete its life-cycle. 
Where forestry is practised on a large scale remedies are never 
tried, as the cost generally far exceeds the benefit derived. The 
Pine Shoot Tortrix moth (Retinia buoliana) gives rise to twisted 
stems through the caterpillars boring into the leading shoots, 
and thereby causing a lateral shoot to bend upwards to take the 
place of the attacked leader. 
Larch is not grown to any extent at Eberswalde, as the soil 
is quite unsuited for it, and where it is to be seen, it does not 
present a very healthy appearance. In the month of June 
nearly all the younger trees were affected by the larch-mining 
moth (Coleophora laricella), the larve of which mine the 
needles, the tips of which become yellow. The remedy is to 
plant larch in suitable situations only. 
FUNGOID DISEASES. 
As I have already said, fungoid diseases are much more 
destructive here than insect pests. Perhaps the worst of all, 
at anyrate in the pine woods, is Zrametes pint. This fungus 
attacks woods from 70 years old and upwards, and as the 
rotation for the pine is 120 years, serious damage is occasioned 
just before the woods are ready for the axe; hundreds of 
