Essay towards a Grammar of the Berber Language. 169 



Whatever. Their construction is often as that of "1^^? in Hebrew ; say- 

 ing anwa yores, quisquis ei, for, cuicunque. But commonest of all is the 

 following use : — 



JVoyanni, Ayanni, *Ayan, ii qui, ea quae 



Niyyan, eorum qui, — quae 



lyyun, iis qui, — quae 



Ehwayanni, niyyan, eos qui, ea qute : 



which, as far as we have observed, are restricted to the plural number. 



Lastly, the Arabic Hncak (that) appears in Berber, under the form 

 leak; of which sense we have found several clear cases. Yet generally 

 this also has become a relative ; TVicak, leak, who, which ; Itvlcak, to him 

 who, to those who; &c. The element lea enters various Berber relatives; 

 as Erdca, where (ou, Troii) ; Mala {ore on) ; &c. Oyawmi also appears 

 as a relative, seemingly in the genitive, as ciijus. 



After seeing the forms taken by nouns and pronouns, the reader may 

 have satisfaction in inspecting the following specimens of simple logical 

 propositions. — 



i. 15. Natta aeyili ea-maqran azsad o-maqrhn. 



He shall be mighty before the mighty one. 



i. 19. Ednakki ayec-Djibrd'i, ibaddan azsad Rabbi. 

 As for me, I (am) Gabriel, standing before God. 



iii. 15. IFtssan alii ec-natta ayS-el-Mes}^. 

 Whether were he the Messiah. 



iv. 3. AJacay-dallir c-ammis ar-Rabbi. 

 If thou be sou of God. 



iv. 22. Orilli el-way yi ayl-ammis ay-Yusofa ? 

 Is not this (tlie) son of Joseph ? 



The double el in these cases is worthy of notice. 



The tenses of the verbs must next engage us : and first the verb to 

 Be.— 



Ilia, crat is [Aeyili, Attili. erit, sit, esset 



Qalla, erat ea I Aiiilir, eris 



Oallir, eras J Aeiliy, ero 



Alilin, eruut 

 Atlallam, eritis 

 Annalla, erimus. 



Alliy, sum 

 Ulan, erant 

 Qallain, eratis 

 Nalla, eramus. 



•Written also Ayyhn, and Alyhn, the latter with a mark by 1, to aasimilate its 

 sounil to y. ^Vc Ruspcct Allan is sometimes for Ayyan ; and hence our embarrass- 

 ment about that word. The modern Arabs say, Elly " which ;" of which the Berber 

 jilural would be Eliyan. 



No. 5.— Vol. I. 2 A* 



