Essay towards a Grammar of the Berber Language. 171 



3; Osand 3. Alyosan 



2. Gosa?tid?* Addasan 



1. Nosad? In Imp. — Osdad, bring ye. 



In Alia there seems but one radical, L ; in Osa, OH, Eni (or JVeni), one 

 or two seem to be defective only occasionally, as in the Shemitic roots, 

 Triliteral roots, however, are frequent in Berber, and all Arabic roots are 

 readily conjugated by Berber rules j even those which belong to the derived 

 forms in Arabic. The 1st of the Xth form becomes IsQ in Berber. 



Example of a triradical : (from Arabic, Xadam, coluit, serviit.) 



In the accusative, the c absolutely never changes into d, Q, or t ; but in 

 the present tense Ah is perpetually suffering euphonic changes into Ad, 

 Add, Att, At; and often presents forms so like the Vth of the Arabs, 

 (Hebrew Hithpnhhel,) as to suggest that it is copied thence. 



Another tense is formed, of stronger futurity, indeed equivalent to the 

 English, (I tmist do,) or, (I arn to do,) by prefixing Ara to the verb. They 

 likewise produce the same tense, by combining he teas, &c. with the future 

 of tlie verb ; as though in Latin erat vsniet were used for erat venturus. 

 This also is Arabic Idiom. As an illustration of both methods, we have : 

 vii. 19. Eckatctci ar-adyosan? 

 (An) tu (qui) debet venire ? 

 vii. 20. Ec-katclci ivenna ilia acyos ? 

 (An) tu is-qui erat veniet ? 



Thus we form ,• — Aray'ili, he must be ; ArayUin, they must be. 

 Aruttili, she must be j &c. &c. 



But if the verb be transitive, and govern a pronoun, this intervenes to 

 separate ara from the verb : as ; 



Ara-k-hadr-ay, I must thee tell : 

 Ara-kona-xabr-ay, I must you inform. 



The negative particle is the prefix Or ; which is likewise separable by 

 pronouns from the verb. 



• At least, Qargamd (ye came out), from Irag ; a verb in which d is not generally 

 found. 



+ Wc know not what to make of viii. 5 ; hsofay el-zarri^a attakarzar iwrik -. — 

 " Went out the sower that thuu maynst sow thy seed." .' Hardly ! Araw, not Iwra, 

 is elsewhere Seed. Allakarzar iu most probably a noun of action, final r for 0. 



