Essay Introductory to the Archeology of the West of England. 207 



TToToe, TTom, TTo-iov. ill ^olic is .oloc, Koia, Ko-coy; in Latin Qui, Quae, Qnod 

 and in tl.e dative, Cui ; in Welsh and Aruioric, Pi, Pa, Piad ; in Erse Ci' 

 Ce, Ciod. Tlius also the old English, Cod, a husk, is now Pod. Some 

 races seem to dislike, or adopt certain letters : the Italian substitutes I for 

 L, Piu for Plus ; and the Latin F becomes H in Spanish, Fiiius Hijo * 



Besides these changes, which are strictly literal, are another class, in 

 which the Idea expressed varies, without any material change in its cor- 

 responding word. Thus Britilh, a (rout, in Welsh, means in Cornish and 

 Annoric, a mackerel; KrOg, « cross, in Armoric is a gallows ; Kynvoeth 

 nciies, in Erse signifies power. 



The introduction, in different degrees, of foreign words, we have already 

 seen to be a fruitful source of dialectic differences. We now approach 

 the most important class, the differences of inflection, or in grammar. 



ARTICLE. 



The AVelsh language appears to use the article sparingly. In Cornish 

 Armonc, and Erse, ' an' answers to the English definite article ' the.' 



NOUN. 



1. Number. In Welsh the plural is formed either by simply changing 

 the vowels of the singular, as Carreg, a rock, Cerrig. rolks ; or by the ad 

 d. ion of a new syllable, joined to a mutation of the vowel, as in the former 

 case. 1 hus, Pwil, a creek or morass, Pylau. 



In Cornish and Armoric the plural is formed by adding a new syllable 

 JBedl.ou"'^ ' '"■""""''"" ' "'^ -"^^^ "«"^1 ^^dition is ' ou,' Bedh, a grave. 



In Erse the plural is formed by adding to, or otherwise altering the 

 singular termination ; the most prevalent addition appears to be 'a,' Fog- 

 mar, harvest, Fogmara. > ^h 



2 Gender. The Celtic dialects possess only the masculine and feminine 

 genders, vvhich are distinguished by their terminations. They are formed 

 also in Welsh and Cornish, by changing the initial consonant for its 

 aspirate. 



-6. Case. In Welsh the relations belonging to a noun in the construc- 

 tion of a sentence do not influence its termination, but are denoted by the 

 prepositions, and by substituting for the initial consonant of the noun as 

 It stands out of construction, its several commutabie letters : tlius Pen in 

 construction becomes Ben, Phcn, Men, and iMhen. These initial variations 

 may certainly be considered as cases, since certain forms are constantly 



ny<llr Lyn Diliun Dt- Lin Dia I.,,,,, Ui-Luaii. i „ 



Dy,ll.Ma,n.h Dc-mour, Do Mcrh Dia M,.„ Ui.Mii., „,";;, 



DydhMerUe. »...,ncrkcr P« Mari.ar Dia Keadain DiCia.luin M ,ii 



DydhGuener Guener Dc Guenar Dia Hyn,- Di-Haoine V..„e,i. 



«).ll.Sadurn Dar S.,lorn lU- Zarlarn DiaS,,,. DiSallumnr Samu 



