Observations on English Castles. 217 



Celtic names of persons are such as Caradoc or Cradock, dearly beloved ; Enion, 

 upright ; Gryffith, strong-faithed ; Madoc, good ; Morgan, Pelagius, sea-born ; 

 Tudwr, from Theodore ; Don, Garth, Glyn, Glennie, Pen, GofFc or Smith, Ap Rice 

 or Price, etc. 



Note C. 



There are, indeed, certain words in use of Celtic origin, which from having been 

 only local terms, have by degrees become more or less incorporated into the English 

 language. Such are Peel, a fortalice; Pill, a creek; Cwra or Combe, a valley in the 

 side of a hill; Eyrie, the nesting place of an eayle; Keyvelin, skilful; Snood, a head- 

 band; Mail, tribute; Siker, sure; — the Kirkpatrick motto is, "I make sicker;" 

 Brock, a badger; Spense, a buttery. Glen, Bard, Bog, and many others might be 

 mentioned, sufficiently familiar to the readers of Scott and the Scottish poets. 



It does not, however, appear that any decidedly Celtic word can be discovered in 

 classical or ordinary colloquial English ; and the same may perhaps be affirmed, and 

 from a similar cause, of the French language ; though it is indeed far more probable 

 that the Celtic should have entered into its composition. 



The proportion of Celtic in modern languages was a point upon which much ig- 

 norance formerly existed ; Bullet, for example, in his elaborate " Diet, de la Langue 

 Cehique," published in the last century, cites the following treaty, entered into a. d. 

 842, by Charles le Chauve, king of France, and Louis, king of Gei-many, as a proof 

 of the extent to which Celtic prevailed in French. The words in Italics are cited by 

 him as Celtic. 



" Pro Deo amur, etpro Christian poblo, et nostro commun saluament, dist in avant, 

 in quant Deus sauvir et podir me *dunat, si saluari io cist meon fradre Karlo, et in 

 adjudha, et in cadhuna cosa, si com, fom per dt'oit son fradre salvor, dist in o quid 

 il mi altre si fazet, et ab Ludhei nul plaid nunquam prendray. Qui meon vol cist 

 meon fradre Karle in damno sit." 



It was at that time a rule with Bullet and many others, if a word could be derived 

 both from the Latin and the Celtic, to take the latter etymology, the reverse of which 

 now obtains. 



There is in the City Library an old copy of " Cambry, sur les Monumens Celtiquc," 

 and in its fly-leaf some discerning friend, to whom the author had presented it, has 

 written the following observation, which might have been much more widely applied. 

 " Je ne connois point de livre oU Ton ait prodigue autant les conjectures les plus 

 hasardfees. J'en suis fache pour I'auteur qui est un galant homme, et un homme 

 de beaucoup d'esprit." 



• Uoriiieia. t lloiimie. 



OBSERVATIONS ON ENGLISH CASTLES. 



It required no great advance in civilisation, to discover that a circiim- 

 vallation of earth and stakes was the shortest and a sufficiently good way 

 of defending any particular spot j and that it was advantageous to dispose 

 the excavation from whence tlie earth was drawn, in the form of a ditch 

 on the exterior of the mound. Such is the rudest metiiod of fortification, 

 and of such works numerous instances may be seen in our immediate 

 neighbourliood. Tlie spot chosen was generally the summit of a hill, and 

 the figure of the intrcnchment depended usually upon the disposition of 

 the ground. Such works were strengthened by tiic addition of two or 

 more ditclics and banks, where the hill was not sulliciently steep, and the 



No, 5.— Vol. I. 2 o* 



