452 The Art of Dyeing . 



Dyeing. — To form a dark pattern for 12 lbs. of mordanted 

 cloth, 4 lbs. of fernambuc and 4 lbs. of bran are requisite. 

 The fernambuc and the bran should be boiled first with a 

 little water ; then more of the latter should be added, and 

 the well moistened cloth placed in it. The 'dyeing - should 

 be completed at a boiling temperature ; still so much dye 

 remains in the solution that a fernambuc- red may be 

 produced. 



Clearing. — Soap-suds formed of 1 lb. oil-soap and 600 lbs. 

 lukewarm water remove the yellowish colour of the alu- 

 mina and change it into reddish blue. When, however, 

 bran is employed in the dyeing, this clearing is quite un- 

 necessary. Per-chloride of tin changes the colour into 

 bright red when the cloth is passed through a cold solution 

 of 1 lb. chloride of tin in 2000 lbs. water. 



Properties of Fernambuc-red. — This colour is more per- 

 manent than cochineal-red ; but still is very fleeting as it 

 is readily decomposed by air and light. Boiling soap-suds 

 formed of 1 lb. soap in 200 water render the colour con- 

 siderably brighter, while the soap-suds take up dye, and 

 become dark-red. It disappears in the washing. 



Solution of potash forms clear purple spots which vinegar 

 removes. 



Ammonia and lime-water produce a reddish-blue shade. 



Vinegar occasions no change. 



Lime-juice makes reddish-yellow spots which are com- 

 pletely dissolved by ammonia. 



Tin mordant, No. 1. makes purple-red spots. 



Tin mordant, No. 2. makes bright-red spots. 



Solution of chloride of lime consisting of 1 lb. chloride of 

 lime in 40 lbs. water, when printed on the cloth produces 

 in ^ of an hour no remarkable effect ; but after some fur- 

 ther time, it is bleached, a property which distinguishes it 

 from cochineal. 



RED FROM MADDER AND ALUM MORDANT. 



The mordant is applied in the same way as has already 

 been described under bright-red. To form a dark niadder- 

 red, the alum mordant, No. 1. is applied by saturating the 

 calico, drying it rapidly, and then allowing it to hang for 

 eight days in an airy place. 



