384 



NOTES AND QUERIES. 



[2 nd S. IX. May 19. '60. 



Pilgrim's Progress (which was published by the 

 Hanserd Knollys' Society in 1847, had the use of 

 a fine copy of the first edition, to which he thus 

 refers in his Introduction (p. cxix.) : — 



« The first edition of the Pilgrim's Progress was pub- 

 lished in a foolscap 8vo. in 1678. This volume is of ex- 

 traordinary merits, only one copy being known to exist, 

 and that in the most beautiful preservation, in the original 

 binding, clean and perfect. It was discovered in a noble- 

 man's library, and judging from its appearance, had never 

 been read. It is now in the cabinet of R. S. Holford, Esq., 

 of Weston Birt House, Tetbury, Gloucestershire." 



Lethrediensis. 



Tobacco, its Tercentenary, etc. — I send an 

 extract from old Theophilus Gale, who, in his 

 Court of the Gentiles (part n. p. 365., &c, 4to., 

 London, 1676), speaks at some length upon the 

 subject of tobacco : — 



" We may add Tabaco, which is an ignite plant, called 

 by the native Americans Picielt, by those of Hispaniola 

 Pete be cenuc, as by those of New France, Peti, Petum, 

 and Petunum. It was called by the French Nicotiana, 

 from John Nicotius, embassador to the king of France, 

 who, An. 1559, first sent this plant into France. But 

 now it is generally by us Europeans termed Tabaco 

 (which we improperly pronounce Tobacco), a name first 

 given it by the Spaniards from their island Tabaco, which 

 abounded" with this plant; whereof had Plato had as 

 much experience as we, he would, without all peradven- 

 ture, have' philosophised thereon. They say we are be- 

 holding to Sir Francis Drake's mariners for the knowledge 

 and use of this plant, who brought its seed from Virginie 

 into England about the year 1585. They recite many 

 virtues proper to it, as that it voideth rheumes, tough 

 flegmes, &c. I shall not deny but that Tabaco may 

 have a good use, both common and medicinal, when 

 taken moderately, by such as it is proper for. As (1.) I 

 grant it to be useful to mariners at sea, if taken with 

 discretion, for the evacuation of those pituitous humours, 

 which they contract by the injury of marine vapours ; 

 as also for soldiers when in their camp, for a parile 

 reason. (2.) Neither do I deny its medicinal use in many 

 cases, specially for cold, pituitous, phlegmatic bodies, 

 when taken with discretion and moderation. Though I 

 conceive the chewing of its leafe to be far more medicinal 

 and less noxious than the smoke in most cases : of which 

 see Magnenus de Tabaco, Exercit 9. § 1., &c. But what- 

 ever its virtues may be when taken medicinally, it is 

 without doubt, as generally now taken in England, the 

 cause of many great diseases. It is universally confessed 

 that its nature is narcotic and stupifying: whence it 

 cannot but be very hurtful to the brain and nerves, caus- 

 ing epilepsies, apoplexies, lethargies, and paralytic dis- 

 tempers. I had three friends, and two of them worthy 

 divines, taken away by apoplexies within the space of 

 an year, all great Tabaconists. Again, it fills the brain 

 with fuliginose black vapors or smoke, like the soot of a 

 chimney. Pauvius, a great anatomist, and Falkenbur- 

 gius, affirme, that by the abuse of this fume, the brain 

 contracts a kind of black soot; and they prove the 

 opinion both by experience and reason. Raphelengiuf 

 relates that Pauvius, dissecting one that had been a great 

 smoker, found his brain clothed with a kind of black 

 soot. And Falkenburgius proves by three reasons, That 

 not only fuliginose vapours, but also a black crust, like that 

 of the soot on a chimney back, is contracted on the skull by 

 the immoderate use of Tabaco." 



B. H. C. 



Philological Changes : the Vowel A. — 

 Some of the most interesting phenomena in phi- 

 lology are those connected with the changes in 

 pronunciation and structure. 



Thus in Wallach, as in the other modern 

 branches of the Latin stock, will be found the 

 conjugation of the verb by auxiliaries, an opera- 

 tion which must have taken place independently 

 of the Spanish and Portuguese, for instance, and 

 independently of Germanic influence, which has 

 been sometimes assigned as a cause. 



In many of the European languages, as is well 

 known, the vowel a at a former period received 

 the sound of aw, generally modified to ah, and in 

 English to ay. The French perhaps retained this 

 the longest, for many of the emigres in the pre- 

 sent century use*d the air, and it is still adopted 

 in some patois. 



In Turkish the same phenomenon of change has 

 taken place. With regard to gutturals this fact 

 has been acknowledged to me by many eminent 

 Turks, but the vowel a has, as in the languages 

 of Western Europe, been modified from aw to ah. 

 Of this kind are many evidences in the contem- 

 porary writers of the seventeenth century. The 

 word coffee is a notorious example, whereas the 

 French word now more nearly represents the 

 Turkish pronunciation. Take for example Greaves's 

 Description of the Seraglio in 1638 (London, 1637). 

 Pacha is called Bashaw ; Nishan, Nishawn ; Kitab,. 

 Kitawb ; Khan, Khawn ; Hatti Humayoon, Hatti 

 Humawyoon ; Padishah, Pawdishawh ; Sham, 

 Shawn ; Hamam, Hamawn ; Shalizadeh, Shawh- 

 eawdeh. 



So of the gutturals Greaves and his contem- 

 poraries not only wrote but spoke Agha, Beg, 

 Yoghourd. 



It is to be observed that the pronunciation 

 generally of Greaves is conformable with modern 

 pronunciation. 



Ahmed Vefick Effendi and some other distin- 

 guished scholars are of opinion that the suppres- 

 sion of gutturals took place three or four centuries 

 ago, but there is abundant evidence that it pre- 

 vailed at Constantinople in the seventeenth and 

 even eighteenth centuries, as it does in some parts 

 of the empire still. 



Arabic was at the "corresponding period pro- 

 nounced at Constantinople in the same way, as 

 Allawh for Allah. Hyde Ceabke. 



Smyrna. 



Attvrfcfc 



The Rev. Thomas Collins. — Wooll, in his 

 Memoir of Joseph Warton, speaks very highly of 

 this T. C, who was usher at Winchester school ; 

 and adds that he resigned in 1784, and, " after 

 many years of accumulated sorrow and anxiety, 

 oriarinatinc: in the guilt of others, and arising 



