MORPHOLOGY OF THE FLORAL ORGANS 119 
greater distinction of the terms employed for them and the re- 
duction of these terms to a single word. The term lemma was first 
used by C. V. Piper.* 
Linnzus called the glumes the calyx, and the lemma and palea 
the corolla, to codrdinate the terms with those used in other groups 
of plants. The individual glumes, lemmas and paleas he called 
valves. He speaks of the calyx of Panicum as being 1-flowered and 
3-valved; of the corolla as being 2-valved; the calyx of Phleum is 
1-flowered and 2-valved; the calyx of Poa is 2-valved but contains 
many flowers; the calyx of Uniola is 6-valved (referring to the 
several empty bracts at the base of the spikelet) and contains many 
flowers. 
According to Kunth, the spikelet of Sporobolus consists of 2 
glumes and 2 paleas; Panicum of 2 glumes, a lower masculine or 
neutral flower with 1 or 2 paleas and an upper perfect flower with 
2 paleas. 
Gray (Man., ed. 5) uses the same terminology as Kunth. 
Watson (Gray, Man., ed. 6) uses the terms empty glumes and 
flowering glumes. 
Bentham (Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl.) calls all the bracts of the 
spikelet glumes and applies the term palea properly. If the glume 
incloses a flower it is a flowering glume, otherwise an empty glume. 
Hence the spikelet of Sporobolus is said to have 3 glumes, 2 empty 
and 1 flowering; of Panicum to have 4 glumes, the fourth and some- 
times the third a flowering glume. 
Stapf. (Fl. Cap.) uses the terms glumes; valves for lemmas, and 
pales for paleas. 
The spikelet described above may be considered 
typical and represents the usual structure in the tribe 
Festucee. There are many departures from this type 
form, however. The glumes may be 1 or none; the flowers 
in the spikelet may be reduced to 1 or to 1 perfect flower 
with additional staminate or sterile flowers above or 
below; the glumes or lemmas may be modified in various 
ways; or the whole spikelet may be sterile. These modi- 
*Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 10: 8. March 30, 1906. 
Science, N.S. 23: 790. May 18, 1906. 
