of Westei'7i Afghanistan ami Xurlli- Eastern Persia. 47 



cattle, and the root-stocks are collected for feeding camels 

 with during winter by the nomads. The low hills round 

 Bala-morghab were honeycombed witli pits from which the 

 nomads had collected these great turnip-like roots. They are 

 too fibrous and woody to be eaten by any other cattle than 

 camels, whose massive jaws are alone able to crush such 

 woody diet. The gazelle is very fond of the tender herbage 

 of this plant, and ordinarily hides its young under a dense 

 cluster of its leaves. 



Crataegus Oxyacantha, Linn. Rosace.e. 



The Hawthorn, alaf-khcz, alaf-kharez, koha, kohja, kocha, 

 guj-i-kohja, gohja, daluna. A shrub or small tree, at an 

 altitude of 3000 feet and upwards ; common at spring 

 heads and in the low hills, hence the names, alluding to 

 its being a fodder at springs, and as occurring amongst the 

 hillocks. It gives excellent fodder to goats, sheep, and 

 camels. The wood is valuable for the manufacture of spin- 

 ning wheels and cotton-gins. 



Cream — klmdk, kaimdg, sar-shir, sirshir, jjostlg'i. 



Crocus sativus, Linn. Iride/E. 



The Saffron Crocus yields the dye and condiment zdfrdn, 

 which is imported from Candahar to Herat, as also from 

 Persia. As a condiment it is much consumed by the 

 Persians, they being exceedingly fond of the flavour. It 

 is also employed as a dye. I was informed by a traveller 

 that it was a good medium to carry about one, as a means of 

 making payments in lieu of small sums of money. Good 

 saffron, owing to the difficulty of procuring it, is readily sold 

 in all parts of Persia. In Persia it is greatly adulterated with 

 the flowers of Carthamus. 



Crops — see Cereals, Cultivation, Drugs, Dyes, Fibres, 

 Fodder, Fruits, Oils, Pulse, Scents, Tobacco, 

 Vegetables. 



Second Crops are almost unknown; as a rare occurrence the 

 harsh barley, Hordeum vulgare, the millet, Paxicum mili- 

 ACEUM, and the Lucerne, Medick clover, ^Iedicago sativa, may 

 follow a crop of wheat or barley. The chief reason why a second 



