of Western Afghanistan and Korth-Eastcrn Persia. 51 



of many irrigation works, the new sources of supply, pointing 

 to the energy of the inhabitants. 



In the Badghis, until one reaches as far east as Khushk, 

 and north to Kalla-i-maur, there is no cultivation, nor 

 habitations, but traces of past irrigation works, leading to 

 what had been large areas of cultivation, were noticed during 

 all our marches. 



The natives enrich the soil with all the manure they can 

 collect from their great flocks, but notwithstanding this en- 

 richment of their fields, the wheat and barley appeared to me 

 to produce a poorer grain than that of the Punjab. 



Cuminum Cymanum, Lvm. Umbellifer.e. 



Cumin, zira, jira. The fruit is employed in medicine and 

 as a condiment, and forms part of the well-known aromatic 

 powder adnia-cleg. 



Cupressus sempervirens, LiuN,. Conifers. 



The Cypress, saur, saro, sarun, sarwi, savm. A few trees 

 of this occur cultivated in gardens at Herat ; I fancy I saw 

 some at Meshad. The only one I have noted in my Journal is 

 a tree to the west of the fort at Sangun. 



Cups — plcila, pldle. 



Earthenware cups are chiefly imported from Bokhara. 

 The larger portion of those I saw had the appearance of 

 having been manufactured in Ilussia. 



Curcuma longa, Linn. Scitamine^e. 



Turmeric, zard-dwha, is very largely imported from 

 India as a dye stuff, and for preparing the leather part of the 

 fur robes jiostln; a little is employed as a condiment. 



Curcuma Zedoaria, Romjc. Scitamine.*. 



Zedoary, jidwdr, jizicdr, kachur, kachid, is imported in 

 quantity from India, most of it to be passed on to Turkistan. 

 The long tubers are called nar-kachid, and the round ones 

 mada-kachul, as if they were the product of two different 

 plants, but I have only seen them mixed together, and not sold 

 as two distinct roots. The Turkomans employ these roots as 



