of Western Afghanistan and North-Eastcrn Persia. 113 



lated water is drunk with the food ; most of the meat stews 

 have karut thrown into them to aid in softening the usually 

 tough meat of these parts ; or it is eaten as a condiment 

 along with bread, as we do cheese among the very poor. My 

 first experience of karut was in the Kuram Valley, wdrere I 

 found the nomads cutting out great slabs of bark from the 

 Deodar trees. The karut was placed between two slabs of 

 bark and a large stone on the top to press out the whey. It 

 was a long time before I could find out who cut these 

 slabs of bark out of the trees, disfiguring the splendid trees 

 so dreadfully, or for what purpose the bark could be used. 

 Dried Oxygal, or karut, is imported into India from Afghan- 

 istan, and is usually considered cheese by Europeans, but 

 that is in all probability because they have never used, or 

 eaten it. Had they ever tried to eat a piece of it the ex- 

 periment would at once have shown to them how very 

 difterent it is from cheese. The term dried Oxygal, for karut. 

 will be found in Eichardson's Persian Dictionary, re\dsed by 

 Francis Johnson, 1829, and in my opinion is the correct 

 meaning, for certainly karut is not cheese under the ordinary 

 acceptation of that term in Great Britain. 



Kds — ^JJS — a large flat dish or platter. 



Kds-i-chob — v__j^:>(j«li' — a wooden platter, usually 



made of willow or walnut. 

 Kash — ji^ — in composition means drawing, bearing, 



carrying, as khdr-a-kash, tlie bearer of thorns, 



the Porcupine. 

 Kasha/- — (^-i>> — kashif- — a tortoise, Testudo species. 

 Kasliafa — Aii^^i" — a flat wooden dish. 

 Kdshghar — -jiJi.\S — hdshka7\ a variety of Lagenaria 



\TJLGARis. A town of Central Asia. 

 Kashiil, kashnij — ■^j^^^ — kdsnl, kashnlz — jJ<>^^^ — 



the Endive, Cichorium Endivia, and Chicory, 



CiCHORIUM InTYBUS. 



Kashnlz — yj^'>^^ — this is also the name for the fruit 

 of Coriandrum sativum. Coriander. 



Kashta — *3Cci^ — kishta — dried fruit ; usually applied 

 to the dried flesh of the Apricot, Prunus Armeni- 



TRANS. BOT. SOC. VOL. XVIII. P 



