of Western Afghanistan and Nortli-Eastcrn Persia. I7l 



with ordinary flour for making bread. In the Badghis, 

 on December 6, 1884, between Palounda and Karezdara, 

 I saw a clump of pear trees growing apparently as if 

 indigenous ; amongst those hills in similar localities they are 

 said to be common. The wood of the indigenous tree is 

 valued for the construction of cotton-gins. 



Pyrus Cydonia, Linn. Rosacea. 



The Quince, hhi, hhil ; the seeds, hhl-ddna., hhil-ddna. 

 Cultivated in all gardens, usually the fruit was poor, but in 

 exceptional cases very fine and large ; the latter were said to 

 have been grown from grafts. At Meshad the Qumce is 

 grown in great profusion and of very fine quality. It is a 

 fruit that stands carriage well, and hence is largely exported 

 to India and Southern Persia. The seeds are commonly 

 employed for yielding a gum for dressing the hair. 



Pyrus Malus, Linn. Rosacea. 



The Apple, scJ), sih ; dried sour apples, kashta-sch-i-tursh. 

 Is a cultivated tree in the better class of orchards. Immense 

 quantities of apples are raised in Persia, from whence they 

 are exported to Herat for further exportation. The district 

 round Herat does not produce such fine apples, or in the 

 quantities that they are grown in Persia. There are two 

 marked kinds, the sweet and the sour, the former are eaten 

 fresh, the latter are usually dried and are cooked to be eaten 

 with various foods; these are largely exported to Southern 

 Persia, in smaller quantities to Afghanistan. The nati\e.s 

 say that in the hills of the Paropamissus range, at its eastern 

 extremity, a wild apple is common. 



Quercus, species. Cupulifer^. 



The Oak, lahd. The galls of an Oak, called mdju, are 

 imported from other districts of Persia foi' dyeing and tanning 

 with. Over the country I traversed I did not come across 

 any oaks, nor did I hear of any existing in those parts. 



QuixcE — the fruit of Pyrus Cydonia. 

 Kadish — the root of Kaphanus satrtjs. 

 Raisins — the dried fruit of the Vine, Vitis vinifeea. 

 There are several kinds : kishmish, these are small and 



