178 lirigade-tSurgcon J. E. T. Aitchison'.s Notes on Froduds 



cultivated throughout this country in orchards, under the 

 sliade of trees, and where irrigation is plentiful ; the plant 

 takes three years before it can yield the proper size of root 

 to be considered a good marketable commodity. The culti- 

 vating of the plant in orchards is said ratlier to improve the 

 bearing of the trees than cause them injury : the fact is, to 

 get a good crop of madder the soil requires to be well 

 manured and most liberally irrigated, thus the fruit trees 

 benefit as well as the madder. The finest is said to be culti- 

 vated at Anar-dara, Koin, and Yezd, from whence the roots 

 are imported in immense quantities to Herat. At Herat a 

 good deal is also produced, but not of such a fine quality. 

 From Herat it is re-exported in all directions, a great deal to 

 Afghan proper and India, besides in some bulk to Turkistan. 



Rubus discolor, Weil-e. et Nees. Rosace/E, and 



Rubus caesius, Linn. Rosace^e. 



These two species of Bramble, halourl, malouri, zil-'khdr, are 

 very common shrubs at an altitude of 3000 feet, in rocky 

 country, by the sides of streams. Their roots are collected 

 to be employed in producing a brown dye for wool, and the 

 fruit is much sought after. 



Riid — d^j — a river. 



Rue, AVild — Peganum Harmala. 



Ruhli — ^3. — the name of a plant. 



Rumex, species. Polygonace^. 



The Dock, or Docken, ishkhun, turshak. The stems of 

 this plant are employed in making tinder ; these are browned 

 over a fire, the browned coating is scraped off, and this 

 makes the tinder. I fouud a Eumex similarly employed in 

 Ladak and Kashmir. 



Ruml — ^yAjj) — Turkish. 

 Rush — J'uncus maritimus. 

 Rye — Secale ceeeale. 



Sahad — ^xxm. — sabat — a strainer made of basket- 

 work, a basket. 



Sahcha — the gourd of Benixca.sia oerifera, much 

 eaten as a vegetable. 



