4. Shape and Construction of Chashi The shape of C has hi is mostly 

 irregularly oval or circular in outline, or rarely irregularly square or triangular. 

 A Chashi situated on the projecting portion of a terrace is generally separated 

 from the rest of the elevated land by an open ditch, the remaining side being 

 left in its natural slope, or encircling steps formed on the declivity. That which 

 is built on the top of a hill, has generally an open ditch dug round its base, 

 or has its slope made v^ery steep. 



5. Remains in the Inside of Chashi. Remains dug out from within the 

 enclosure of Chashi vary a great deal in different localities. In some places, 

 fragments of pottery and stone implements, such as stone-axes and arrow-heads 

 are found ; in others besides these remains, iron implements arc also found ; 

 while in others only iron implements are dug out. All these remains are quite 

 similar in character to those found in pits near by. 



6. Relation between Chashi and Pits. Pits may be found either within or 

 outside the enclosure of Chashi, or sometimes they may be entirely absent from 

 the vicinity of a Chashi. From these facts, we may safely infer that some 

 people in some period built both Chashi and pits together at the same place. 



7. By whom were Chashi built ? According to old Japanese literature 

 relating to the subject, Chashi were built by the Ainu. Moreover, in the 

 traditions of this people, it is transmitted that their ancestors built these 

 Chashi in time of war. 



8. Date of the Making of Chashi. Although we can not tell when 

 Chashi first began to be built, yet we know the latest period of their use to 

 be about one hundred years ago, /. e. at the end of the eighteenth century. 



9. Erroneous Views concerning the Koropokguru. According to the tra- 

 ditions of the Ainu, there lived in Yezo a dwarf race called the Koropokguru ; 

 and pits, stone-implements, shell mounds, and pottery are all the relics of this 

 people. But there are many strong proofs against the veracity of this tradition. 

 Even from the studies of Chashi alone, it is evident that the Ainu used at first 

 stone implements and pottery, and abandoned their use at the introduction of 

 iron implements ; and that the Ainu lived in pits at some period. 



