12 



TIMUER PINKS or THE SOl'TIIKUN I'NITED STATES. 



of Soutlii'iii timbiTs, till' Lt)U{j;lf;vr I'iiic. now bi-iiij; ii-pliiied by (iibau and Lul))olly Pines; (2) the 

 rollinjr i)ine hills, or pine barrens proper, with a width of 50 to 120 miles, the true home of the 

 l,(>n{;lf:if I'Inc. which oceiipics it almost by itself; (;!) the belt of mixed j^rowth iif 20 to <I0 mih-s in 

 width, in which tlio Longleaf I'iiie loses its i)rc<lominanco. the Shortleaf, tiie Loblolly, and the hard 

 woods associating and disputing territory with it; and (4) the Shortleaf Pine belt, where the 

 species jircdominatcson the sandy soils, the Lonj^leaf being entirely absent anil the Loblolly only a 

 feeble competitor, hard woods being inlersjiersed or occupying tiie better sites. Williin the terri- 

 tory the species that occur occupy diflerent situations. Thus tlie Cuban, which accompanies the 

 T,ongle;if. usually occui>ies the less well drained situations, together with the Loblolly, which, 

 although it can accommodate itself to all soils, reaches its best development in the rich lowlands 

 and is specially well developed in the tlat woods which border the coast marshes of eastern Texas, 

 where it associates with the Sliortleaf Pine it also seeks the moister situation. 



The Longleat and Shortleaf jiines are, in quantity :uid ipuility comi)ined, the most important, 

 while the Loblolly or Oldtield Pine, as yet not fully api)reciated, comes next, occui)ying large areas. 

 The Cuban Pine, usually known as Slash Pine — always cut and solil without distinction with the 

 Longleaf Pine — a tree of as line (juality and of more rapid growth than Mie Longleaf Pine, is associ- 

 ated with the latter in the coast pine belt, scattered in single iudiviiluals or groups, but appears to 

 increase in greater i)roportiou in the young growth, being by its manner of development in early 

 life better fitted to escape the dangers to which the aftergrowth is exjjosed. 



Besides these four most imi)<)rtant jiines. there are a nund)er of others of less significance. 

 The White Pine (/'ihm.v strohus) of the North extends its reign along the higher mountain regions 

 of North Carolina into Georgia, forming a valuable timber tree, but of small extent. The Sjjruce 

 Pine, to which a short clin])ter is devoted in this bulletin, develops into timber size, but is found 

 only in small quantities and mostly scattered, and has therefore as yet not received attention iu 

 lumber markets; but its qualitievS, and especially its forestal value, being a pine which endures 

 shade, will ])robably be appreciated in tlie future. The other four sjiecies of ]>iiie found in the 

 South, which appear in the table below, which gi\es their botanical distinctions, do not de\elop 

 into timber trees of value, excepting that the Scrub Pine, occupying large areas of abandoned 

 fields in Virginia, furnishes a considerable amount of firewood. 



BOTAKICAI, DIAGNOSIS OF THE FOTR ri; INi'Il'Al, PINES OCC'UKKING IN THE SdlTIIEliN STATES. 



Species. 



Pinitr pahigtrU Miller. 



Pinut heterophylla (EII.) Sadw. 



Leaves Threoinabundle, 9tol2(cxcepUoDftny 14 to 15) inches long. 



Cones (open) 6 to 9 inrlirs lon<r, 4^ to 5 inches in diann-ter 



Scales Seveu-t'ighths lo 1 inch broad; tii)8 niiii-h wrinklt'il ; lij;ht 



chestnnt brown: gray with ago. 



Prickles Very short, delicate, incurved 



Buds Tliree-fourtbs inch Iod;;, onebalf inch i n diameter ; silver 



white. 



Species. 



Leaves 



Cones (open) . 

 Scales 



Prickles 



Ends 



Two and three in a bundle: 7 to 13 (usuallr 9 to 10) inches 



long. 

 4to(i.^ (usually 4 to 5) inches long: 3 to 4^ inches in ilijinieter. 

 Kleveu..>*i\teenths to seven-eighths inch broad: lips, 



wrinkled; deep ru.sset brown; shiny. 

 Very short; straight; declined. 

 About one.haU' inch long; oue-fourtli inch in diameter; 



brownish. 



IHnut echiTuita Miller. 



J'iittu tada Linn. 



Two .™d three in a bundle; Ig to 4 inches long; commonly 

 2^ to 4 inches. 



1 J to *2 inches long; IJ to IJ inches in di:inietcr 



i-'ive-sixteenths to three-i-igliths (exeeptionally about one- 

 hall') inch liroad ; ti)iH light yellow-brown. 

 Pixceeilingly short (on<'-lcuth" inch) ; delicate; straight; de- 

 I ctined. 



I Three-eighths to one-half inch long ; about onc-cigthth inch 

 in diameter; brownish. 



Three iu a bmidle; 5 to 8 inches long. 



2h to 4.J inclies long: 1^ to 3 inches in diameter. 

 Three-eight lis to three ronrthsineli britad : tips sniootli ;dull 



yellow-brown. 

 Short ; stout ilt ba.se. 



One h.ilf to three-fourths inch long; one-fourth inch in di- 

 ameter; brownish. 



Tlie greatest confusion exists with regard to the vernacular names of these jiines, in conse- 

 quence of which information regarding them, given by the native poi)ulatiou, must always be 

 carefully scrutiniz.'d to determine exactly to what species it refers. l'>ven iu the lumber market 

 and among wood consumers, engineers, architects, and eariienters the same confusion exists; 

 Longleaf and Cuban pines are never distinguished ; Shortleaf and Loblolly pines are mixetl indis- 

 criminately, and often "Southern Pine," or "Yellow Simthern Pine,'' satisfies the specilieatiim of 

 the architect and may come from any of the four species. 



