48 TIMRKR I'INES OF THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES. 



fasliioii, into long, narrow strips three fourths ot an iiuMi thick, which :irc ,subsc(iii(Mitly .steamed 

 and rolled in small bundles to make a eouvenient package for shipment. The knots, limbs, roots — 

 particularly "fat," i. c, Itighly charged with resin — arc^ used in the making of tar. 



CliarciKil hxniiiiri. — Where a market is found the trees left staiidiTig, after the removal of the 

 larger timber fit for sawlogs, are huiiied for charcoal. Tliis industry is carried on to a greater or 

 less extent in the mineral ri'gions to su]ii)Iy tiie blast furnaces operated for the manufacture, of 

 charcoal iron. Large areas of the forests of the LoTigleaf, covering the hills in north Alabama, 

 have been entirely denuded of their tree covering to meet the demands for such purpose. 



Furl mine. — The air-dry wood of the Ijongleaf Pine is much esteemed for fuel; containing but 

 a small percentage of ash — not over 0.1i."> per cent — with a small amount of water, antl a dense and 

 close liber, as indicated by its high specific gravity, its fuel value is necessarily high. Meiug also 

 easily inflammable, it is preferred where quick and intense heat is required, as, for instance, in 

 bakeries, brick kilns, potteries, etc., and in the raising of steam for stationary engines on steam- 

 boats and railroad locomotives throughout the pine region, where mineral coal can not be cheaply 

 obtained. 



KKSI.VOUS rUOUUCTS Ol- TMK I.llXca.KAl- IMNE. 



It can safely be asserted that among the trees of the same order there is found no other 

 equally rich in resin. The manufacture of naval stores from the resin of the Longleaf Pine forms 

 one of the most widely developed industries in the pine forests of the coast pine belt of the; South- 

 ern States, and is sc.arcely less important than the manufacture of its lumber. A full account 

 of these industries will be found in the accompanying app(!mli.\. Concerning the manufa('ture of 

 tar, 7»itch, tar oils, and other products of destructive distillation of the wood and of rosin oil, see 

 the Report of the Chief of Forestry, 18!»2, i)age 350, etc. 



I'liODUCTS OHTAIXi:i> FUO.M TUIC I.KAVKS or I.ONCI.EAI' I'lXK. 



The gi-een leaves of tiie tree furnish by distillation an essential oil of balsamic odor closely 

 resembling .spirits of turiientine. The so-called pine wool is made from their cellular tissue, being 

 treated with a strong alkaline solution at l)oiling heat, the remaining fiber being cleaned and 

 carded. This j)ine wool is used in ni)liolstery. and is said to be of value as an antiseptic diessing 

 for wounds. Of late j'ears it is niannfaitnred into various kinds of textile fabrics. Ont^ fabric 

 is a carpet which resembles cocoa matting somewhat, l)ut is closely woven an<l is naturally of a 

 !ich-brown color and very durable. This industry, only recently established, has aheaily met 

 such success thiit the manufacturers have added twenty nine looms to their work. 



NOMENCLATURE ANU CLASSiriCATION. 



This tree was first de.scribed by Midler in the year 17GS under the name of Pinxs jxduxtris. 

 The younger Michaux substituteil for it the more apjjropriate one ol' I'iiiiis iiiixtntli.s, under which 

 name it was described by succeeding writers and generally known to botanists of recent date. 

 To satisfy the law of priority, the name given by Michaux h is recently be(;n dropped aiul the old 

 one reinstated, in the (Catalogue of North American Forest Trees,' published in the ninth volume 

 of the census reports of ISSO. (See vernacular nomenclature in introduction.) 



nOTANICAI, DESCUII'TION AMI) MOUrilOLOfJY. 



Loaves tliree. in :i Imic light colored she.ath; commonly from 9 to V.i (sometinnis 11 to l.'j) inches lonj^; of ;i briglit 

 (jreen color an<l closely set in brnsh-like tlnsters .at the ends of the stout br.-inches. Cones largo, dark tan colored, fi to 

 sometimes H inches loiifj and 2 to L'i inches in diameter when closeil, '> to (! inches when open ; scales abont 2 inclii'S 

 long and one-half to 1 inch wide — rather uniform in width — somewhat thickened at tin' ends, and bearing a rather 

 delicate incnrvcd |)rickle; seed large, slightly triangular, three-eighths to seven sixteenths of an inch long and one- 

 fourth of an inch wiile; often with two or three longitudinal ridgi^s on one face; whitish, with few or al>undant 

 brown specks; wing I J to 2 inches long and of a glossy brownish to deep purple-brown color. 



The most consi)icuous ami distinguishing feature of this species is the silvery thick terminal 

 bud, or rather the bud-like clusters of the young leaves inclosed in their finely fringed subtending 

 scales. Its branehi's are. rough, covered with the bases of the irid)ricated leaf scales, the elongated 

 silvery fringes having fallen otf. 



'A catalogue of North American Forest Trees, exclusive of Mexico, by C. 8. Sargent. 



