NOTES ON GENERAL DISTRIBUTION. 15 



field of commercial pine in Canada followed mainly the St. Lawrence TJiver as far as Quebec. On 

 Newfoundland the .siyecies is indigenous to nearly the whole of the ishmd, and in some parts pro- 

 duces considerable quantities of merchantable timber. At its northwestern limit the forest fades 

 out into prairie, the White Pine gradually disai)i)earing, while at tlie northern limit the change 

 is into Spruce forest. 



NOTES ON GENERAL DISTRIBUTION. 



Dr. N. L. Brittou, for some years counoctetl with the geological survey of New Jersey, writts of the occurrence 

 of White Pine iu that 8tate as follows: 



Piue Brook (station and sparingly northward along the Southern Railroad of New Jersey (Britton); sparingly 

 3 miles south of Woodbury, (Jlouccster Couuty (f'anby), and fref]nent in the middle and northern portions of the 

 State. There are no White Pine forests in New Jersey, and tlie largest grove known to nie is of Imt a few acres iu 

 extent. It evidently prefers a heavier soil than does P. rir/iila, which forms the forests of the pine barrens. On 

 Staten Island, New York, there are a few scattered trees of 1'. slrobun. 



Jlr. William M. Canby, of Wilmington, Del., reports the existence of a grove of White Pine trees in upper 

 Delaware, and Mr. Thomas Meehan, of Gerraantown, Pa., states that White Pine grows (or did recently) at the 

 Soapstone quarry, on the east side of the Schuylkill, some 8 or 10 miles above Philadelphia. Mr. Canby adds: "It 

 is a very difficult thing to define the limit of a species that is being so rapidly destroyed, and doubtless the southern 

 line is being rapidly effaced." 



Prof. Lester F. Ward, of Washington, D. C, is of the opinion that Finns atrohiis is not indigenous around 

 Wa.shington, and that the few trees met with in wild situations in its vicinity grew from seeds blown from planted 

 trees. He has never met it iu his botanical excursions into southeastern Maryland and Virginia. 



Mr. F. E. Boynton writes from Highlands, N. C. : 



I have seen some very fine specimens growing in Pickens and Oconee counties, S. C, but I have never seen it in 

 this part of the country except in high altitudes, say from 2,500 to 3.000 feet usually. I have never seen or heard of 

 its forming forests here. I have seen groves of a few acres where it might be said to predominate. As a rule, it is 

 found scattered among other forest trees. It nearly always grows in or ([uite near Rhododendron and Jlountain 

 Lani-el thickets, which indicate a moist soil. It often grows to be a very large tree here I measured a log in the 

 mill yard near here last night that was 37 inches through. Considerable lumber is cut from White Pine in this 

 mountain region, but, as a rule, the luuiher is of inferior iiuality, being very knotty and often shaky. Cultivated 

 specimens thrive aud grow very fast. It is usually found most common on southern exposures. The rock formation 

 is granite, and soil usually a sandy or gravelly loam wherever I have observed the White Pine in this region. 



The following has been furnished by Prof. W. R. Lazenhy, of the State agricultural experiment station at 

 Columbus, Ohio: 



From all the data in my possession, I should say that White Pine is rarely met with iu Ohio outside the borders 

 of two of our northeastern counties, viz, Ashtabula and Lake. Occasionally a sporadic ])atch has been noted along 

 the hanks of streams iu some of the eastern counties. I have never heard of its spontaneous occurrence anywhere 

 throughout the central or southern portions of the State. It appears to thrive well here at Columbus and submits 

 kindly to change of soil. Wherever I have seen it iu Ohio under artificial cultivation it has presented a thrifty 

 appearance, although the young plants do not make a very rapid growth for the first few years. 



Concerning the occurrence of White Pine near the head of Lake Michigan, Prof. E. J. Hill, of Normal Park, 111., 



writes : 



It begins at Whiting Station, on the Jlichigan Southern Railroad, and extends eastward to Michigan City. I 

 came across a clump of White Piue once, about a mile north of Otis, where the Michigan Southern Railroad cro-sses 

 the New Albany road. - - ' You would be pretty safe in taking the Calumet River as the southern boundary. 

 * * ' I do not know of a single native tree in Cook County, 111. 



Mr. M. S. Bebb, of Rockford, 111., communicates the following concerning the occurrence of White Pine in the 



northern portion of that State: 



In a few localities on Kents Creek and Rays Creek, in Winnebago County, and giving the name to Piue Creek 

 in Ogle, the county iunnediately north of this, the White Piue is certainly indigenous, but occurring only as a 

 sparse growth, cresting precipitous hanks, where it seems to have found a favorable environment. 



To this Mr. S. B. Wadsworth, of Oregon, 111., adds: 



The White Pine iu < >gle County grows in some cases to a height of 40 or 50 feet. * ' " Nearly all the small 

 streams iu Piue Rock township have some pines near the mouths of the streams if there are any rocks along the 

 hanks. » » » The White Pine prefers the St. Peters sandstime, but iu some cases grows on limestone rocks. 



Mr. R. Williams, of Streator, 111., says: 



"White Pine is without doubt a native of La Salle County. It occurs on the Vermilion and its little tributaries 

 wherever there is an exposure of carboniferous sandstone, and more frequently is seen close to the edge of the 

 highest blurt's, where the soil is largely composed of the disintegrated rock. 'I'o find one beyoud the inllnence of 

 the sand rock would be almost phenomenal. Tlie number is very small aud their situation does not permit them to 

 attain much size. I think that 10 feet is about the limit of height. Small thrifty ])lants from one to a few feet in 

 height occur here and there, aud are sometimes transplanted to the jir.iirie soil, where they make a vigorous growth, 

 outstripping Norwav Spruce. Scotch and Austrian Pine, Hemlock, and White Cedar. Pines planted here in 1854 or 

 1855 are now (1886) 'about 40 feet high. 



The limiting line of the White Pine beyoud the Mississippi northwestward is traced substantially as iudicated 

 hy Mr. Warren Upham in the (Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota. Jlr. Upliam sends the lollowing: 



The White Pine, wherever I have seen it m New Hampshire and other jiarts of Ne'W England and in the North- 

 west, prefers somewhat clayey laud. It does not thrive ou wholly sandy plains ("moditied drift" of glacialistsi, 



