50 THE WIIITK PINE. 



any case, wben tlic growth of timher is tlio i>iiiiiiiry object, (lomesiic aiiimnls slioiild l)e liKoroiisly 

 excliulcil, ;is tlicy arc ccilaiii to do more or less injury to the growing trees. A jiiue forest, or a 

 forest of auy kind, i.s no more proijerly a '•run" for cattle than a field of standing grain, and the 

 damage i.s likely to 1)p more extensive and less cajiahle of re])air in the former than in the latter 

 case. 



The White I'iue .shows consiilerable lecuiierative power, which is exhibited in the ready 

 recstablishment of broken leader and the healing of wounds, in which the ])rolitic resin exudations 

 assist by keejjing out water and fungi. 



The exjjeriences of Mr. iS'athaniel Jlorton, of I'lymouth. Mass., in trimming pines, recorded 

 in The Forester (.June, 180S), show the absolute safety of pruning live limbs of .'3 to 5 inches and 

 more in diameter, which are covered in a few years by new growth (PI. XI). An interesting case 

 of ])ortinacity of life and lecuperativc i)nwer, whic'h at the same time throws light on the much- 

 debated (picstion of food and water movement in trees, is also reported from the same source, and 

 represented in fig. 4. 



A young ])iiie in the forest was, two years ago, not only girdled, but the bark peeled otf for 

 11 inches all around the tree. The tree has a perfectly healthy appearance, and has continued to 

 grow in length, although apparently about half as fast as before. The measurements of internodes 

 of this tree during the last six years follow. The diameter growth above tlie wound has continued, 

 while below the wound it has remained stationary, as will ai)pear from the measurements made 

 two years after the removal of the bark. 



Indies. 



Circumference near tho gronud 15 



Cireiiiiifereiice just below the wound 11 



Circiiiiit'erencc wlieic tiark in stripped >. y^ 



Circuiiii'erencr just ;iliove tirst row of lir.Tiiclies 14 



Circumference .above secoud row of brandies 11 



The wound is entirely covered by jiitch. The growth Just above the wound has a baggy 

 appearance, showing an accumulation of wood deposit, which shows the arrest of the food 

 materials due to the absence of the cambium layer and bark. 



It would appear that the roots could either live without the food sui)ply from above (at least 

 for two years), or else that a sullicient amount can jiass through the dead wood of the trunk, and 

 at least the water necessary for the elaboration of food materials in the foliage can be supplied 

 tlirough the old wood. The writer inspected this tree, and can vouch for the truthfulness of the 

 descrii)tio7i. A similar case with a southern pine (species undetermined) came to his attention, 

 where the tree was older and had grown over twenty years above the wound; but as only a cut 

 was inspected the possibility of a cambial connection of the upjier and lower parts was not abso- 

 lutely excluded, as in the iire.scnt case. 



INJURIES BY STORMS 



Of injuries not within human control may be mentioned, first, those result itig from storms, 

 snow, ami ice. The soft texture of the wood and the short-lived branches of the White I'iue 

 would naturally suggest its being more liable to injury by storms than are deciduous trees. This, 

 however, is not the case. The angle which the branches make with the truidc admits of their 

 readily bending, and under such a weight it is found that ISIaples and other hardwood trees break 

 down much more frecpiently. ^Ir. B. V. Hoyt, of Manchester, Iowa, states that " a whole summer's 

 observation among the White Pines of Tennessee failed to reveal a single case in which a tree of 

 that species was injured by the wiiul." attributing the fact to the mechanical disposition and 

 structure of the trunk and branches.' In this respect, then, the White Pine stands at a decided 

 advantage as compared with nniny deciduous trees with which it is naturally associated. 



lake the shallow-rooted Spruce, the White Pine is liable to be ui)rooted and thrown by storms, 

 although to a less degr<'t'. 



While, however, the mechanical elfects of the wind and of storms of snow and ice are not 

 sufficient to rerpiire 8i)ecial consideration, the injurious consequences of drying winils are such as 



' .\iuericau Naturalist, I'ecemlier, 1880. 



