294 Dr R. G. Latham on the 



guages of the Gothic stock ; Scandinavian, as well as Ger- 

 manic. The affinity between any two of these groupes has 

 currently been considered to represent the affinity between 

 them all at large. 



The way in which the class under which these divisions 

 were contained, as subordinate groupes, has received either 

 addition or extension, is a point of philological history, which 

 can only be briefly noticed ; previous to which a difference 

 of meaning between the words addition and extension should 

 be explained. 



1. To draw an illustration from the common ties of rela- 

 tionship, as between man and man, it is clear that a family 

 may be enlarged in two ways. 



a. A brother, or a cousin, may be discovered, of which 

 the existence was previously unknown. Herein the family 

 is enlarged, or increased, by the real addition of a new mem- 

 bei% in a recognised degree of relationship. 



b. A degree of relationship previously unrecognised may be 

 recognised, i. e., a family wherein it was previously considered 

 that a second-cousinship was as much as could be admitted 

 within its pale, may incorporate third, fourth, or fifth cousins. 

 Here the family is enlarged, or increased, by a verbal exten- 

 sion of the terra. 



Now it is believed that the distinction between increase 

 by the way of real addition, and increase by the way of ver- 

 bal extension, has not been sufficiently attended to. Yet, 

 that it should be more closely attended to, is evident ; since, 

 in mistaking a verbal increase for a real one, the whole end 

 and aim of classification is overlooked. 



1. The Celtic. — The publication of Dr Prichard's Eastern 

 Origin of the Celtic Nations, in 1831, supplied philologists 

 with the most definite addition that has, perhaps, yet been 

 made to ethnographical philology. 



Ever since then, the Celtic has been considered to be Indo- 

 European. Indeed its position in the same group with the 

 Iranian, Classical, Slavono-Lithuanic, and Gothic tongues, 

 supplied the I'eason for substituting the term InAo- Europeati 

 for the previous one li\A.o- Germanic. 



2. Since the fixation of the Celtic, it has been considered 



