326 Lieutenant R. Straehey on the 



which perpetual snow is found, are confined within a belt of 

 about 35 miles in width, running along the northern boun- 

 dary of the chain, and they all lie between the 30th and 32d 

 degree of north latitude. 



If we now examine the structure of the mountains more 

 closely (vide sheets 47, 48, 65, and 66, of the Indian Atlas), 

 we shall find that from the sources of the Touse (long. 78° 

 30') to those of the K41i (long. 81° C), a space which in- 

 cludes the provinces of Garhwal and Kumaon, all the great 

 rivers, viz., the Bhagirati, Vishnti-ganga, Dauli (of Niti), Gori, 

 Dauli (of Darma), and Kali, run in directions not far from 

 perpendicular to the general direction of the Himalaya. 

 Further, that they are separated, one from another, by great 

 transverse ranges, on which all the highest of the measured 

 peaks of this region are to be found. It will also be seen 

 that the sources of these rivers* are in the main watei'-shed 

 of the chain, beyond which a declivity of a few miles leads 

 directly to the plains of Thibet. A line di'awn through the 

 great peaks will be almost parallel to the water-shed, but 

 about 30 miles to the south of it. 



To the west of the Touse the arrangement of the drainage 

 is very different. From the source of this river an unbroken 

 ridge extends to the Sutlej, almost on the prolongation of 

 the line of the great eastern peaks, but more nearly east and 

 west. On this range, which separates Kunawar from the 

 more southern parts of Bissehir, and which, as it has hitherto 

 received no distinctive name, I shall call the Bissehir range, 

 are the Rupin, Gunas, Burendo, and Shatal passes ; and no 

 perpetual snow is to be found further south among these 

 western mountains. To the north of this range, and almost 

 parallel to it, run several others of somewhat greater alti- 

 tude, between which the streams of eastern Kunawar flow 

 into the Sutlej from south-east to north-west, nearly parallel 

 to the upper, and perpendicular to the lower part of the 

 course of that river. 



* I mean the most distant sources of the tributaries, for several of the rivers 

 that I have mentioned, nominally end in glaciers to the south of the water- 

 shed. 



