170 Mr Ci'awfurd on the 



with another in the Philippine languages, with the exception 

 of the liquids r and I, and these not often. 



In the Philippine languages, certain consonants follow 

 others without the intervention of a vowel, which in Malay 

 and Javanese are never found to do so. The letter g, which 

 very rarely ends a Malay or Javanese word, is a very fre- 

 quent termination of Philippine ones. Of these two peculiari- 

 ties the following are examples from the Bisaya language : — 

 Lobtog, a jar ; yagbak, a rat ; toltocj, to pound ; tag, lord or 

 master ; tuig, time ; which are sounds utterly repugnant to 

 Malay or Javanese pronunciation. 



Between the grammatical structures of the Malay and Ja- 

 vanese and the Philippine languages, there is a very wide 

 difference. In order to illustrate the extent of it, I take the 

 grammar of the Pampanga, one of the six principal lan- 

 guages of Lu^on, for an example.* 



The noun is simple, or without any inflexion. As the au- 

 thor of the grammar says, it undergoes no more change than 

 the Latin word genu. Relation, or case, is expressed by 

 what the Spanish author of the grammar calls an article. 

 This varies, or, more correctly, is a different word for each 

 case. There is, besides, one kind of article for appellatives, 

 and another for proper names. 



If the words thus called articles by the Spaniards be, as is 

 probable, only prepositions, then it must be observed that 

 they bear no resemblance to any prepositions of the Malay 

 or Javanese. 



A still wider difference exists in the pronouns. The per- 

 sonal pronoun of the first person has two genitive cases, and 

 three plurals : a dual, " we two ;" a plural general, " we all ;"" 

 and a plural particular, " we in particular.'' 



The pronouns of the second and third persons have but one 

 plural. The demonstrative and interrogative pronouns have 

 also one plural only. 



Adjectives are formed from roots, as in the Wugi of Ce- 

 lebes, by the prefix ma. 



The verb, according to the Spanish author of the gram- 



^" Arte do la lengua Pampanga por Diego Bergaiio, Quarto. Manila, 1736. 



