GERMAN NOTES. 211 



to use, with proper manuring, the same nurseries year after year. 

 In Chorin, aheady mentioned in the former notes in connection 

 with Kienitz's experiments, the same nurseries have produced 

 healthy planting material year after year for upwards of forty 

 years, and are perfectly scab-free. It is essential that no residue 

 should be left in such nurseries, and that every plant not used 

 should be burned or buried. 



As regards the transplanting of i-year seedlings into the 

 open every attempt to economise, as regards preparation of soil, 

 hoeing, grass-cutting, etc., is to be condemned. 



As regards older plants, syringing with copper solution is 

 a preventive against infection. 



The safest plan, of course, would be to syringe all new cultures 

 so long as they are susceptible to infection, but here the question 

 of money and time arises. Careful observation is, however, 

 essential, and whenever the first signs of scab appear and red 

 leaves are found in the spring, the syringe must come into play 

 at once in the 2- and 3-year-old cultures. This will in most cases 

 do away with the necessity of continuing the operation later on ; 

 but if the forester goes on the principle of " wait and see," the 

 consequences will probably become infinitely more serious and 

 certainly more costly. 



When is the right time for syringing, and whether is it necessary 

 to repeat it year after year, are questions which next arise. Of 

 course nurseries, if they show the slightest sign of scab, should 

 at once be syringed, and this year after year, so as to keep 

 them entirely scab-free. The Lophodei-mium disease is not of 

 periodical occurrence, but is always with us, and constant 

 attention is necessary to prevent it becoming master of the 

 situation. Syringing must begin as soon as the first apothecia 

 ripen. This may be a fortnight earlier or later, according to the 

 climatic conditions of each locality. A constant examination 

 of the dead leaves is necessary from the beginning of July, 

 They will show the apothecia as small black spots. If placed 

 on a white plate filled with water, ripe apothecia open in a 

 few minutes and show a white inside surrounded by a black 

 rim. An ordinary magnifying glass is sufficient for this observa- 

 tion. If the ripe apothecia are well soaked in water and placed 

 between two bits of glass, they will at once begin to expel 

 spores in sufficient quantities to form little accumulations which 

 are visible to the naked eye in a few hours. 



