AND EDUCATION IN DENMARK. 223 
they had completed a three years’ course at his metropolitan 
university. Christiern II renewed this interdiction. These ex- 
pedients, however, proved unavailing. The institution, being 
inefficiently provided with professors, and also inadequately en- 
dowed, it gradually declined; and, in the sixteenth century, its 
operations were entirely paralyzed by the intestine disturbances 
which then agitated the kingdom. From mpxxx to MDXXXVII, no 
rector was elected: the scholars abandoned their studies: the pro- 
fessors deserted their chairs: the university was forsaken ; and it 
did not recover from its depression, until the Reformation had re- 
animated the energies of intelligence and morality and religion, 
among the nations. 
Whatever might be achieved in the rest of Europe, for the diffu- 
sion of Science, its advances in Denmark were tardy and limited. 
Half a century had elapsed since Guttenberg discovered the divine 
processes of Printing, and yet at Copenhagen there were only ma_ 
nuscripts. Albertsen presented to the university a library compris- 
ing twenty volumes, and this was deemed a valuable collection. He 
also induced Gottfried van Ghemen, the printer, to settle in this city, 
and the first piece of Danish typography was a latin grammar,* 
with the date mccccxc111: the second appeared in mccccxcy ; it is 
a chronicle in rhyme. Printing-presses were also established at 
Odensee and Ripen ; but, during the greater part of the sixteenth 
century, most of the Danish books were printed in foreign countries, 
at Paris, Cologne, Antwerp, Leipsic and Lubec, and these publica- 
tions were chiefly rituals, mass-books, and some romances relating 
to chivalry. 
During the progressive changes in scholastic study, the Danish 
language experienced few improvements. Its separation from the 
Icelandic commenced in the eleventh or twelfth century. Gramm,t 
* Gottfried van Ghemen is the only typographer known to have exercised 
the Art of Printing, in the capital of Denmark, during the fifteenth century. 
Among the productions of his press, in this city, the first was the latin gram- 
mar here specified. It bears the titleand date, Regule de Figuratis Construc- 
tionibus Grammaticis ; 4to, Hafniz, mccccxcrir. The Jatest work, hitherto 
ascertained to have been printed by him, is variously intituled—Nigels van 
Soré Danské Kroeniké, Chronicon de Regibus Danie vernaculum et rhythm- 
icum, Fratris Nigelii Chronica Danica, Niel’s Metrical Chronicle and Den 
Danské Riimkrceniké, as mentioned in a subsequent note. It is dated, Haf- 
nize MCCCCXV. 
t+ John Gramm was a very learned philologist, antiquary, and historian. 
He died in 1748, in the sixty-fourth year of his age. His researches, judi- 
