RELATION OF FORESTRY TO AGRICULTURE, ETC. I 29 



soil varies greatly even within small areas. Thus an area 

 of say 2 acres, may give good results on one half and 

 utterly refuse to produce a single tree on the other half. 

 Hence the need for giving great attention to the special 

 characters of each area. As regards species for planting 

 I would, as a general rule, suggest coniferous trees, though 

 in some cases alder and birch would give good results. 

 The coniferous trees I would suggest are white American 

 spruce in large quantity, Sitka spruce, Pinus uncinata and Finns 

 moniana, as an extreme outer fringe. I would not like to 

 forget our own Scots pine, but black game and snow are against 

 it ; so that the species of spruce referred to might be better 

 in many cases. The above brief notes apply to hill planting 

 for shelter purely from a forester's point of view. I know full 

 well that shelter-belt planting at fairly high altitudes on poor 

 soil, and often with very doubtful prospects of success, is not a 

 congenial enterprise to a forester. At the same time, the sister 

 science of agriculture does often require his best skill and 

 experience so that the improvement of the property, through 

 the medium of his profession in all its diversified aspects, should 

 -ever be before him." 



Mr John F. Annand, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 

 said: — "I may say that I was very much interested in Mr 

 GammelPs speech, and I quite agree with practically everything 

 that he said. Mr Gammell has ably treated the matter from the 

 foresters or the timber-grower's point of view. At the same 

 time w-e must look at the question, perhaps, from the farmer's 

 standpoint as well as the forester's. Naturally it is in the 

 growth of timber that we, as foresters, are specially interested. 

 Unfortunately for us the farmer does not look at the matter 

 from that point of view at all. The farmer, nevertheless, has a 

 very big interest in forestry, inasmuch as the shelter derived from 

 the woodlands surrounding his farm is very valuable not only to 

 his stock, but it increases the yield of grass and field crops 

 generally. I think farmers generally agree that this is so. But 

 I doubt very much if we have ever had any actual experiments 

 to show the full effects of shelter. I doubt if the results have 

 ever been reduced to figures, that is to say, I think there is 

 really need for systematic experiments on the actual effects and 

 results of the shelter provided by woods. This is of very great 

 direct interest to the stock-breeder, especially to the man who 



