CONTINENTAL NOTES — GERMANY. 22 1 



Even on waste lands grown over with grasses and other small 

 herbaceous plants, it proved superior. The soil was mixed 

 with dead and living organic matter to a depth of about 30 cm. 

 and was, after being sown with Scots pine seed, in spring 

 1911, subjected to treatment with somewhat heavy rollers. 

 The seed germinated well, and the young plants resisted success- 

 fully the summer and autumn droughts of that year; where, 

 however, the rolling had been intentionally omitted the results 

 were similar to those under the comparative hoe culture. 



The advantage of the rolled-grubber cultivation continued 

 during the following year, as evidenced by the photos below of 

 the yearlings of this (Fig. i) and the cultivation with the hoe 

 (Fig. 2) respectively. 



^ 



Fig. I. Fig. 2. 



These photos show clearly that the grubber plants have a 

 much deeper and more rationally developed root formation, 

 promising a greater power to resist in coming years the dreaded 

 drying-up of the surface soil. 



The grubber can also be advantageously used in the afforesta- 

 tion of clear fellings or even of selection fellings, wherever a 

 wheeled vehicle can move about. It is not necessary to remove 

 the root stocks, which the grubber surmounts as easily as project- 

 ing rocks. The difficulty in the use of the grubber comes in where 

 dense undergrowth of berry-bearing shrubs and isolated heather 

 clumps exist, as the long roots of these wind themselves round and 

 round the roller. This difficulty has, however, been successfully 

 surmounted by an ingeniously constructed cutter, the knives of 

 which are pulled by horses or oxen through the ground, in two, 



