SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 21 



Connecticut, Booth in Delaware, Jackson in New Hampshire 

 and Rhode Island, and Rogers in New Jersey. The estab- 

 lishment of a geological survey of Canada in 1841 should also 

 be mentioned. 



The financial depression, which proved so fatal to the state 

 surveys during the second decade. 1840-1849, ran its course. 

 Several new states had in the meantime been added to the 

 Union, some of which showed commendable promptness in 

 authorizing geological surveys. During the decade 1850-1859 

 new organizations were thus formed in fourteen states, eight 

 of which had made no previous attempt. These eight, in al- 

 phabetical order, are California, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, 

 Mississippi, Missouri, Texas, and Wisconsin. Six states for 

 the second time undertook the work — Michigan, New Jersey, 

 North and South Carolina, Tennessee, and Vermont. The 

 National Government was also active, the most importat un- 

 dertaking being the surveys in connection with the proposed 

 Pacific railways. In addition to these, Capt. R. B. Marcy 

 made a survey of the Red River region of Louisiana; Maj. 

 W. H. Emroy, one of the Mexican boundary, and Colonel Pope 

 one in the region of New Mexico along the thirty-second par- 

 allel. To each and all of these expeditions, geologists, or at 

 least naturalists, were attached. The publication of by far 

 the greatest importance of this third decade was, however, the 

 long-delayed report of the Pennsylvania survey, which was 

 truly epoch-making. 



The following period, including the civil war, might natur- 

 ally be expected to be one of uncertainty and inaction in mat- 

 ters relating to the sciences. With the passing of the war, 

 active work has begun once more in states where it had been 

 but temporarily suspended, and in others, new organizations 

 were authorized, as in Kansas in 1864, Iowa and North Caro- 

 lina in 1866, and Louisiana, Michigan, and Ohio in 1869. 



The decade of the civil war brought to light a number of 

 men for whom the piping times of peace, even when varied by 

 Indian outbreaks in the West, afforded insufficient opportuni- 

 ties. They were men in whom the times had developed a 

 power of organization and command. They were, moreover, 

 men of courage to the point of daring. It was but natural, 

 therefore, particularly when the necessity for military routes 

 in the west and public land questions were taken into con- 

 sideration, that such should turn their attention toward western 

 exploration. Further, the surveys made in the third decade, 

 in connection with routes for the Pacific railroads, and the 



