44 ILLINOIS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 



nature developed them, then any kind of lumber opera- 

 tion is bad. The opening up of the forest cover, and the 

 cutting and destroying of certain species to the exclusion 

 of others, is almost sure to encourage a type of vegeta- 

 tion not found before the forest was disturbed." — 

 E. T. Fisher. 



GRAZIISTG IN" PRESERVES 



''The sheep destroy the young trees and when the old 

 ones die no forest will be left." — H. C. Cowles. 



''I wish to urge that every side of the problem be con- 

 sidered before forest reserves and, particularly, national 

 monuments, are opened for sheep grazing. In my natural 

 history field work through the state I have had occasion 

 to observe the disastrous results following upon close 

 sheeping. These results are such as to leave the terri- 

 tory in many cases open to soil erosion and practical 

 effacement of original conditions. Cattle grazing is not 

 nearly so injurious. 



''I have been fortunate in having spent three months 

 in field work this year in the east-central part of Cali- 

 fornia and western edge of Nevada. The only human 

 industry affecting wild life there is grazing of sheep; for 

 instance the White Mountains, in Mono County, are alto- 

 gether too closely sheeped, with the result that the 

 riparian and palustrian fauna and flora of the higher alti- 

 tudes are almost completely tramped out. For example, 

 a shrew was newly named from there in 1891. The in- 

 tensive work of our party the past summer failed to find 

 a single shrew. The near vicinity of the small streams, 

 springs and seepages is now a mere dust wallow." — 

 J. Grinnell. 



Cattle are less serious but destroy the forest neverthe- 

 less. See Fig. 8-9. 



AQUATIC PRESERVES 



''It is our belief that the preservation of marshes is a 

 most important step. In so doing you will be providing 

 an important nesting place for game birds rapidly being 

 driven out by drainage of land, and a tract peopled with 



