GENERAL PAPERS 97 
formal scientific training, and in fields quite outside their 
ordinary vocations. Thus James Watt was a maker of mathe- 
matical instruments, Von Leeuwenhoek a Dutch spectacle 
maker; G. Stephenson, a colliery fireman; Arkwright, a bar- 
ber; Edison, a railway porter; Cavendish, Boyle, Sir William 
Herschel and other great workers in the field of pure science 
might be described as gifted amateurs. No rigid distinction 
could be drawn between pure and applied science. Wireless 
telegraphy afforded a good instance of purely theoretical work 
leading to unforeseen but vast practical results. The telescope 
has revolutionized our conception of the universe; the micro- 
scope our conception of life. The significance and difficulties 
of correct microscopical observation must be believed to be very 
generally underestimated and that accurate observation is by 
far the most difficult art which mankind ever essayed. 
The endowment of Ins‘:.utes is a help but one, which if not 
carefully directed, becc aes difficult to enter thru cliques, nar- 
row portals or set opinions. Science knows no master, neither 
does she remain at rest. For cardinal principles of Living, we 
must know Biology (the science of life), together with the com- 
ponent sciences as given here, Palaeontology, Zoology, Morphol- 
ogy, Geology, ete., for otherwise the physician and dentist can- 
not grapple with the results of the deviations or deformities 
that come to his practice. 
The scientific or professional branches require B. S. degrees 
rather than those of arts, for time and money spent is all too 
short for the foundations we really need in these rapid times. 
Formerly the classics held their sway, and it goes without say- 
ing, nothing should be excluded, for who does not need the 
languages for reading work, the chemistry rather than mathe- 
matics for basic reason, but the finality must be the test; and 
we find in this century, the Physician and Biologist are far 
more allied to each other and the Chemist and Physiologist 
with the Anatomist than the cultured classic or mathematician, 
or even the historian. 
How is the relationship of Biology to Medicine and Dentistry 
borne out for the people? In so many ways, it is difficult to 
exclude them. First, a simple example may show a comparison 
