PAPERS ON BOTANY 115 
in which Populus balsimifera, Betula alba papyrifera, Abies 
balsamea, Thuja occidentalis and Picea canadensis are most 
abundant. On the more open portion of these low dunes there 
are mingled with the shrubs such herbaceous plants as Arte- 
misia canadensis, Cirsium Pitcheri, Zygadenus chloranthus 
and Lithospermum Gmelini. 
HIGH PERCHED DUNES 
The rapid erosion along the east shore of Lake Michigan has 
developed many stretches of steep shore cliffs cut in the 
Tig. 2. Diagramatic east-west cross sections through a shore 
cliff near Frankfort, Mich., showing stratified clays and gravels 
upon which is perched a sand dune. Vertical height in feet at 
the left of diagram. Horizontal scale one-half the vertical. 
morainie material. These cliffs very much in height and are 
frequently surmounted by dunes of considerable size. Only a 
few of the most notable of those recently examined are here 
described. 
A half mile north of Frankfort the eroded shore shows dis- 
tinct stratification of morainic clays and gravels while upon 
the moraine there is perched a dune, the top of which, accord- 
ing to the maps of the U. 8. Lake Survey, reaches the height of 
