PAPERS ON BOTANY 121 
abound, the island is entirely without any Pinus or T'suga nor 
was any Acer pennsylvanicum seen. Salix spp. were also rep- 
resented by very few individuals, as were also Picea canaden- 
sis and Quercus rubra. 
The mesophytic forest has covered all but a very few of the 
highest peaks and doubtless formerly extended over all the 
plain which forms the eastern half of the island. Less than 
100 acres of the island have been completely cleared and culti- 
vated, but more than three-fourths of its surface has been more 
or less cut over although there is little evidence of damage by 
fires. The higher hills being less easy of access, have had less 
of their timber removed and are covered with a rich growth of 
Acer saccharum, Thuja occidentalis, Fagus grandifolia, Abies 
balsamea, and Tilia americana, the three first being most 
abundant, the Acer dominating the gentler slopes and the 
Thuja the narrow valleys and steeper hillsides. Occasional 
trees of Betula luta and Fraxinus americana are found and 
where cutting has occurred Betula alba papyrifera, Populus 
grandidendata and Prunus pennsylvanica have come in. 
Among the shrubs are Sorbus americana, Sambucus racemosa, 
and J'arus canadensis, the latter being particularly abundant, 
while among the herbaceous vegetation were found such 
decidedly mesophytic forms as Trillium declinatum, T. grandi- 
florum, Hepatica triloba, Actaea alba, Mitella nuda, and Mitch- 
ella repens. Perhaps the most conspicuous fern was Cystop- 
teria bulbifera, but Botryhium virginianum, Aspidium mar- 
ginale and A. spinulosum were also fairly abundant. 
In concluding, it may be mentioned that a similar meso- 
phytic forest with Thuja as a conspicuous member is to be seen 
along the marginal shore dunes at Frankfort, while “forest 
graveyards” of Thuja upon the dunes of the Sleeping Bear com- 
plex as well as the remnant of forest upon Sleeping Bear dune 
itself would serve to indicate their former development in that 
region. 
The writer wishes to acknowledge the courteous criticisms 
of Messrs. Frank Leverett and F. B. Taylor who were good 
enough to read his manuscript. He also wishes to state that 
