HANNIBAL: CALIFOENIAX FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 193 



7)?<//»H<s (sp.), Poiret, 1801 {II. vivipara, L.) ; Cyclostoma (sp.), 

 Draparuaud, 1801 ( C. achatmum, Drap. = /^. vivipara, L.) ; 

 Natica (sp.). renissac {H. vivipara, L.); Vivipanis, Montfort, 

 1810 {V. Jluviatonim, Mont. = ^. vivipara, L.); Vivipara, 

 J. Sowerby, 1813 (emended form) ; Viviparella, llaliiiesque, 1815 

 (emended form); Pahulina, Lamarck, 1816 {II. vivipara, L.) ; 

 Tulotoma, Haldeman, 1840 (nude name); in Binney, 1865 

 {Paludina mag)iifica, Conr. = P. suhpurjmrea, Say, syntonic form). 

 Type, Helix vivipara, Linne. 



Sub-genus Callina, n. sub-gen. 

 Cochlea (sp.), Da Costa, 1778 {Nerita vivipara, Miill., no7i Linne 

 = Cyclostoma contectuiii. Millet). 



Type, Pahicliiia intertexta, Saj'. 



jN^amed after Professor Robert Ells\Yorth Call, well known for bis 

 studies in this group. 



Sub-genus Callina. Shell large, averaging 30 mm. in altitude, 

 conic-turbinate, perforate, whorls inflated and rounded throughout 

 development, sutures somewhat impressed, aperture rounded-ovate 

 and slightly retracted below, outer lip not sinuate; habitat lakes, 

 marshes, and sluggish streams. 



Sub-genus Viviparus, s.s. Shell similar to Callitia but smaller, 

 averaging 25 mm. in altitude, elevated-conic, imperforate, whorls 

 oppressed and siib-carinate at the periphery in the adult, sutures not 

 markedly impressed ; Callina stage carried back to early adolescence ; 

 habitat lakes, marshes, and sluggish streams. 



The uomenclatural vicissitudes of this genus have been discussed 

 by authors of wider experience than the writer, and sevei'al divergent 

 opinions have been reached. The best-known name, Paludina, 

 ])ublished in the Encijclopedie Methodiqiie, and often credited to 

 Eruguiere, 1798, did not appear until the livraison of 1816 as 

 a latinization of Lamarck's vernacular 'Paliidine', 1812, hence is 

 ])receded hy Viviparus, Vivipara, and Viviparella, all available. 

 J'iripara is sometimes credited to Martini, who, in a German trans- 

 lation of Geoifroy's Traite Som. Coq. Paris, indexed ' Cochlea vivipara 

 fasciata'' as Vivipara fasciata. Geoffrey did not formally accept the 

 Linntean nomenclature, and, as Martini's work claimed to be nothing 

 more than a translation, it seems inconsistent to regard this accidental 

 binomial as having the same status as the properly formed binomials 

 of Linne, 0. F. Miiller, and other contemporaries, hence Sowerby 

 must be considered the author. The absurdity of the earliest 

 available name, Viviparus, needs no comment, but according to the 

 present ruling of the International Congress there seems no sufficient 

 excuse to avoid its use. 



Viviparus (Callina) Turnkri, n.sp. PI. Till, Fig. 31. 



Shell large, similar in a general way to V. contectm of Europe, but 

 more slender, whorls inflated and not deep, sutures well impressed, 

 apex small and very obtuse ; habitat apparently lacustrine. 



Altitude 32, breadth 26, altitude of body-whoii 20 mm. 



